There are some great questions

自从人类眼中闪耀出智慧之光

that have intrigued and haunted us

就有几个重要的问题

since the dawn of humanity.

让我们为之着迷

The story of our search to answer those questions

寻找答案的故事

is the story of science.

就是科学的故事

Of all human endeavours,

在人类所有的成就中

science has had the greatest impact on our lives,

科学对生活的影响最为深刻

on how we see the world,

影响了我们对这个世界

on how we see ourselves.

以及对我们自身的看法

Its ideas, its achievements, its results,

它的思想 成就 结晶

are all around us.

无处不在

So, how did we arrive at the modern world?

我们是如何建立起现代社会呢

Well, that is more surprising and more human

其过程比你想象的

than you might think.

更神奇 更人性

The history of science

科学的历史

is often told as a series of eureka moments.

常被讲成是一个个的灵光一现

The ultimate triumph of the rational mind.

理性思维的最终胜利

But the truth is that power and passion,

但事实却是 权力与激情

rivalry and sheer blind chance

竞争与纯粹的偶然

have played equally significant parts.

对科学同样重要

In this series,

在这个系列中

I'll be offering a different view of how science happens.

我将会从另一个视角讲述科学的历程

It's been shaped as much

实验室内外

by what's outside the laboratory as inside.

对其影响同等重要

This is the story of how history made science,

这是一个历史造就科学

and science made history,

科学成就历史

and how the ideas that were generated changed our world.

以及思想改变世界的故事

It is a tale of...

这个故事充满了

and

以及

This time, perhaps the greatest puzzle of existence.

本集将探讨人类生存的最大谜题

Inside every one of us there lies a mystery --

我们每个人体内都藏有一个秘密

something creates the rich

某些东西使活着成为了

and intense experience of being alive.

丰富而强烈的体验

But what exactly is it?

但那到底是什么

What is it that makes a living thing so utterly different

是什么导致生物与非生物

from a non-living thing?

如此截然不同

The struggle to explain the sheer wonder of life

解释生命所蕴含的神奇

has been one of the most productive challenges

成为了人类科学发展史上所面对的

science has ever faced.

成果最为丰硕的挑战

But the search for answers

但是探寻答案的过程

has also proved tantalising and elusive.

十分缓慢 更难以捉摸

This is the story of how we came to understand

本集讲述了人类如何通过研究我们自己

many of the secrets of life

这个最令我们感兴趣的生物

by studying the creature that interests us the most, ourselves.

而一步步解开了生命的奥秘

Across the ancient world,

远古世纪思想界中

there were long-running arguments about what constitutes life.

关于什么构成了生命的辩论经久不衰

One particular view came to dominate Western thought.

其中一个观点逐渐主导了西方思想

For 1,500 years,

1500多年来

physicians in the West slavishly followed the ideas

西方医师们忠实地追随着

of a Roman called Claudius Galen.

罗马人克劳狄斯·盖伦的理论

Now, he's undoubtedly

现在看来 他无疑是

one of the most influential thinkers in history.

历史上最具影响力的思想家之一

Born not long after the death of Jesus of Nazareth,

作为一个在公元一世纪出生的人

his books were still being used by doctors

他的医书却被医生们

well into the 17th century.

一直使用到了17世纪

His ideas about life were shaped

他对于生命的见解

by one of the most bloody and violent spectacles

来源于古罗马帝王所营造的

provided by the Roman emperor -

最血腥最残暴的奇景

for Galen started out as physician to the gladiators.

因为盖伦成为了角斗士医师

Picture the scene -

想象这景象

swords clash then bite through flesh.

利剑碰撞 刺入身体

Howls of pain from the gladiators

角斗士痛苦的哀嚎

would have been drowned by the roar of the crowd.

淹没于人群的欢呼声中

This was often a fight to the death,

这通常就是生死之战

where even for the victor, survival was not always an option.

即使胜利 也不一定能存活下来

Victorious gladiators often had life-threatening injuries.

胜利的角斗士往往身负重伤

Galen was determined to keep them alive.

而盖伦决心要救活他们

Galen did not believe that the matter of life and death

盖伦认为人的生死

should be left simply in the hands of the gods.

不应该仅是听天由命

He was convinced from personal experience

他根据个人累积的经验

that there were plenty of things a physician could do

坚信医师可以运用很多办法

that would preserve and prolong life.

来挽救及延长生命

Trying to understand the workings of the human body

试图理解人体的运作

and write his findings down

并记录下他的发现

became his lifelong passion and his legacy.

成为了他毕生的热爱和宝贵的遗产

He built up

他创建了

a system of medical treatment that was extremely effective.

一个极其高效的医疗系统

His predecessor had lost sixty wounded gladiators.

六十名角斗士在他前任医师手上不治身亡

Galen only lost four.

而盖伦只失败过四次

But he wasn't just interested in preserving life,

他不仅对挽救生命感兴趣

he wanted to explain it.

他还想解释生命

Galen was particularly interested in one organ, the liver.

盖伦对一个器官情有独钟 那就是肝脏

He had noticed when he was doing his dissections

在他解剖的过程中发现

that the liver has lots of different vessels going in and out of it,

肝脏有许多不同的血管流入流出

and he concluded

他推断

that the liver produces all the blood in the human body

人体内的血液全由肝脏产生

and it's drawn from the liver and spread around.

从肝内引出并流至身体各处

He also believed that blood contains within the spirits,

他还相信血液中蕴含着灵魂

the spirits come from the liver,

灵魂来源于肝脏

they also come from the heart and from the brain.

同时也来源于心脏和大脑

And it's these spirits that give blood the essence of life.

正是这灵魂赋予了血液生命的精华

He wrote 300 books and pamphlets

他撰写了三百本书籍和手册

covering almost everything about the human body

涵盖了将近人体的所有部分

and how it works.

及其运作原理

It was encyclopaedic.

就像是套百科全书

But it was also fundamentally flawed.

但同时 它存在着根本性的错误

Now, Galen's entire system was based on his anatomical studies.

盖伦的整套理论建立于他对解剖学的研究

The only thing was that he himself,

但其中最大问题是

as far as we know, never did any human dissections.

据我们所知 他从未进行过人体解剖

He relied on cutting up animals,

他依赖于解剖动物

such as pigs and Barbary apes.

例如猪和叟猴

Nevertheless, his system was seen as superior to anything else.

然而 他的理论仍领先于当时其他理论

He became wealthy and hugely influential.

他变得富有且极具影响力

Remarkably, a set of beliefs about the body

出乎意料的是 一位古罗马人

laid down by one man in ancient Rome

对于人体的一系列见解

went on to become medical gospel.

成为了医学圣经

For more than a thousand years,

一千多年以来

Galen's work provided THE reference book of life...

盖伦的著作就是解答生命的宝典级参考书

until developments in Renaissance Italy

直到文艺复兴时期的意大利

changed the way we see the world.

改变了我们对世界的看法

It may not look very impressive from here,

从这里来看可能并不壮观

but I'm actually standing in-between

但实际上 我正站在

the inner and the outer wall

算得上是全世界

of what I think is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world,

最美建筑物之一的内墙与外墙之间

and the view is certainly going to be worth going to see.

上面的景色肯定十分值得一看

It's the magnificent Duomo in Florence.

这是宏伟的佛罗伦萨大教堂

It was built at a time

它建于

when the city states of Italy were undergoing dramatic change.

意大利城市经历剧变的时代

These upheavals would go on

这些剧变进一步影响了

to affect our understanding of life.

我们对生命的理解

One change in particular began here, with an architect.

其中一个变化源于这里的一位建筑师

The dome I'm standing on

我现在所站的圆顶

was designed and built by Filippo Brunelleschi,

是由菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基设计并修建的

one of the most influential figures of the Renaissance.

他是文艺复兴时期最具影响力的人物之一

The Renaissance was a period of rebirth,

文艺复兴是个重生的时代

the liberating of the human imagination.

是解放人类想象力的时代

Brunelleschi was one of those polymaths,

布鲁内莱斯是位博学家

those brilliant geniuses

是位天才

that the Renaissance just simply seemed

文艺复兴似乎毫不费力地孕育了

to spawn effortlessly -

许多这种人才

engineer, architect, mathematician.

工程师 建筑师 数学家

Many of the skills he used to build this dome

他还运用修建这圆顶施展出的各种技术

he also used to create a new vision of reality.

创造出一种呈现现实的新视觉效果

He introduced a new way of seeing the world.

他推出了一种崭新的观察世界的方法

It involved mathematics.

其中涉及了数学

Using the cathedral buildings,

利用这座教堂

he demonstrated how it worked.

他演示了此方法的工作原理

What Brunelleschi did is he drew a painting,

布鲁内莱斯基绘制了一幅画

like this one of the Baptistery,

类似这幅洗礼堂的画

actually, probably rather better than this one,

当然 很可能比这幅要好看得多

and he took a mirror and he got his friends to try this trick.

然后他叫朋友们拿着镜子尝试这招

You look through a hole there,

你从这个洞中看过去

then you try and line up

然后试着将镜像

the mirror with the buildings.

与真实建筑对齐

Now, it's a very

这是一个

charming little trick, this one,

非常聪明的小诀窍

because you realise when you do this

因为这么做时 你会发现

that the painting is actually

这幅画实际上

a very good three-dimensional representation of that building.

是幅非常不错的三维图像

It's so realistic because of his novel approach to painting.

如此逼真源于他的新式绘画手法

Lines which are actually parallel

现实中平行的线条

he drew as converging to a vanishing point.

在他的画中延伸汇聚于一个消失点

This was counterintuitive - to many, it still is -

这违反了直觉 对很多人来说仍然如此

but this made the painting accurately reflect

但它使油画更准确地反映出了

what was seen in the real world.

我们所看到的真实场景

It was the start of modern perspective painting.

这就是现代透视画法的起源

The understanding of perspective

对视觉效果的理解

didn't just affect art and architecture,

不仅影响了艺术和建筑

it also profoundly altered

同时它也彻底改变了

the way that people viewed the human body.

人们看待人体的方式

It created a new hunger for realism.

它引出了对写实主义的新追求

The impact of the new approach

新画法的影响可在

can be seen on the bodies locked away in Windsor Castle.

被锁于温莎城堡内的人体画像中观察到

The castle houses around 600 drawings

城堡内收藏了六百来幅

by Leonardo da Vinci,

列奥纳多·达·芬奇的画

beautiful, exquisite drawings of the human body.

美丽而细腻的人体绘画

And I'm really excited,

我很激动

because I've seen copies but I've never seen the originals.

因为我虽然看过副本却从未看过原作

The detail is astonishing.

细节的处理令人惊叹

These drawings are over 500 years old.

这些画有五百多年的历史

I must admit, I do feel a shiver.

我得承认 我不禁打了个寒战

There is something about

拿着这些画

holding it and thinking of him doing this.

想象他作画的场景 有种特殊的感觉

In these pen strokes, you can see something ground-breaking.

在这些线条中 你能看到突破性的成就

Here, he started to cut muscles away

这副画中 他把肌肉分开了

and lift them away from their points of insertion and origin and so on

把其从连接点剥离开

to show how the bones are connected to them, to the muscles.

来展现肌肉与骨骼如何连接

It's that sort of diagrammatic innovation

这种创新的图解画法

which is so impressive of his time.

在那个时代可以算非常了不起

And so three-dimensional.

而且如此立体

The perspective on it is just extraordinary.

图画的透视感简直绝了

Well, uniquely,

独一无二的是

he was able to unite this anatomical understanding

他能把对解剖学的了解

with artistic ability,

和自己的艺术才能结合起来

and it's why these drawings are still so impressive.

这也是这些画至今还令人钦佩的原因

Leonardo's drawings are wonderfully realistic.

列奥纳多的画非常逼真

Very different from many pre-Renaissance drawings of the body,

有别于其他文艺复兴前的人体画

which tended to be stylised or symbolic.

那些画更注重风格和象征性

And Leonardo drew bodies for reasons

列奥纳多描绘人体

that went well beyond art.

不仅是为了艺术

I mean, this really is an evocation of life,

这确实是对生命的呼唤

and he was really trying to understand life.

他真的想要去了解生命

Understanding where life came from

探究生命从何而来

or what made a living being rather than a static being

或什么造就了生物而不是非生物

was of fundamental importance to Leonardo.

对列奥纳多来说非常重要

Those are exquisite drawings by an exceptional artist,

那些是出自艺术大师笔下的精美图画

but they're also more than that.

但是它们有着更深远的意义

They are, if you like, the beginnings of a period

它们标志着人类进入了

when people began to truly understand the human body.

真正开始了解人体的时代

Artists helped give a fresh impetus to the study of human anatomy.

艺术家们促进了解剖学的发展

Knowing what's really beneath the skin

了解表皮下面的构造

would open up new avenues in the quest

为探索人体奥秘的旅途

to explain the living body.

开辟了新的道路

Anatomy studies flourished in the Italian town of Padua,

解剖学研究在意大利的帕多瓦繁荣了起来

one of the great centres of learning in the 16th century.

这里是十六世纪绝佳的求学中心之一

Students flocked here from all over Europe.

欧洲各国的学生蜂拥而至

They came because it was lively,

他们来到这里不仅因为这里热闹

it was vibrant,

充满活力

but also because they could get access to something

还因为这里可以获得

which was in extremely short supply everywhere else,

别的地方非常稀缺的资源

dead human bodies.

人的尸体

Medical students who came here

来此的医科学生

were not content to rely on animals.

不满足于仅靠解剖动物学习

They wanted to study humans.

他们要研究人体

Imagine, if you will,

你可以想象

200 students crammed layer after layer after layer.

二百名学生挤在这间房里 一层又一层

But the star of the show was down here on a marble slab,

而主角却趟在这块大理石板上

a dead human body.

一具人的尸体

They were normally freshly executed malefactors,

尸体通常是刚刚被处死的坏人

ne'er-do-wells, criminals.

作恶者 或是罪犯

The university was not constrained

这里的大学并没有被

by religious limits placed on human dissection.

禁止人体解剖的宗教理念所约束

It was independent of the Church.

它完全独立于教会

What was striking about the dissections performed here

这里解剖演示的惊人之处

was not only they were more frequent,

不仅是次数频繁

but they were also done in a completely different way.

解剖的方式也有别于传统方法

Now, the old way, which had been done for many centuries,

已经沿用了数个世纪的传统方法是

was the professor would read from Galen's book,

教授会朗读一段盖伦的书

saying, "Here's a liver, three lobes,"

说到 这是一个肝脏 有三片肝小叶

the demonstrator would show the liver,

演示人员就会展示一个肝脏

which plainly didn't have three lobes,

尽管明显没有三片肝小叶

but all the students would basically nod and agree.

学生们仍会点头同意教授的说法

And I can sort of understand that,

这个我也可以理解

because when I was a medical student

因为当我还在学医时

there was a tremendous pressure to conform.

我也面临了很大压力需要认同权威

But here in Padua, things were different.

但是在帕多瓦 情况大不一样

People were encouraged to describe what they actually saw

这里鼓励人们描述出自己的所见

as opposed to what Galen's book said they should see.

而不是盖伦书中说他们应该看到的东西

This new style of anatomy lesson

这种新式的解剖课

was a brazen challenge to accepted wisdom.

公然挑衅了已被接纳的智慧

It had been pioneered by Andreas Vesalius,

这种解剖课由安德烈·维萨里开创

who was made Professor of Surgery and Anatomy aged just 23.

他23岁时就被任命为外科与解剖学教授

He'd published a detailed atlas of the human body.

他还出版了一本详细的人体图集

A new book of life.

一本全新的生命之书

Based on his own careful observations,

以他的细致观察为基础

Vesalius boldly corrected

维萨里勇敢地纠正了

mistake after mistake in orthodox beliefs.

传统观念中 一个又一个的错误

Come and have a look at this.

来看看这个

Vesalius noticed a number of anatomical features

维萨里发现盖伦对于结构特征的描述

that were wrong in Galen's descriptions,

存在着几处错误

for example the jaw bone.

例如颚骨

Now, Vesalius correctly recognised

维萨里正确地意识到

that humans have a single bone that forms the jaw,

人的下颚是由一整块骨头构成

it's not split in two.

而不是两块

You get that in dogs.

狗的下颚才是两块

Then there were the number of ribs.

还有肋骨的根数

Vesalius recognised and demonstrated

维萨里意识到并展示了

that men have the same number of ribs as women,

男人与女人的肋骨数相同

not, as some people claimed, one less,

而不像某些人说的那样 男人少一根

because, obviously, the Bible says

因为很显然 圣经中说

God took one of man's ribs and made Eve out it.

上帝取出男人的一根肋骨制造了夏娃

But Vesalius demonstrated quite clearly that if he did,

但维萨里证明了如果真是那样

he obviously grew a new one.

他肯定又长了一根新的肋骨

And then we had the thigh bone.

另外还有大腿骨

Galen had claimed that the thigh bone was curved,

盖伦声称大腿骨是弯曲的

again because he saw that in dogs,

还是因为狗腿骨是弯的

whereas Vesalius correctly recognised that it's straight.

而维萨里正确地指出人腿骨是直的

Some people found it so hard to accept that Galen

盖伦的理论被发现是错误的这个事实

could possibly have been wrong.

令有些人难以接受

They claimed that the straightening of the thigh bone

以至于声称大腿骨变直

must have been caused by a recent fashion for wearing tight trousers.

是因为当时流行穿着紧身裤所致

But Vesalius did more than simply correct Galen's errors.

维萨里不只是纠正了盖伦的错误

What is so special about his work is his approach.

他的寻证方法才是他的研究最独到之处

He carefully observed,

他仔细观察

stripping away layer after layer.

一层又一层地深入研究

This would start western medical science

带领西方的医学探索

on a distinct and powerful course.

走上了一条不寻常而有效的道路

From now on, the essence of life

从此以后 人们开始通过

would be sought by looking deeper and deeper into the body,

研究人体内部结构将其分解成组成部分

breaking it down into its component parts,

来寻觅生命的本质

an approach that would, in time,

这种方法在不久的将来

lead to major advances

引领了手术外科界

in medicine and in surgery.

和医药界的重要发展

In many ways, here in Padua

从各方面来说 帕多瓦的学者们

they laid the foundations for a new understanding of life.

为生命的新理解奠定了基础

But anatomy is not the full story.

但只靠解剖学不足以完全了解生命

There's also the question of

还存在的另一个问题就是

how does the body work,

人体如何工作的

the processes, physiology.

其方式和生理机能是什么

The search for the secret of life

探寻生命的奥秘

turned from simply observing the structure of the body

从简单地观察人体结构

to trying to find out how it works.

演变成试图解答它如何运作

That would require a very different approach,

这就需要一种全新的方法

one based on experiment.

基于实验的方法

England, a thousand miles from Renaissance Italy,

离文艺复兴时期的意大利千里之外的英国

a country riven by religious and political differences.

此时正因宗教和政治分歧走向分裂

17th century England was heading for civil war.

17世纪的英国 内战一触即发

There was tension between old and new,

新旧思想派相冲突

a conflict embodied in the inquisitive mind of a London physician.

一个好问的伦敦医生也意识到了这个矛盾

William Harvey was not a radical,

威廉·哈维并不是激进分子

he was not looking to cause a stir.

也不想引起骚动

But like a detective who comes across something he can't explain,

而犹如侦探碰到无法解释的事件

he gathered evidence, he collected clues, until finally,

他积累证据 寻找线索 直到

he had built such a powerful case

他建立了一个强大的论据

that he brought Galen's remaining system clattering to the floor.

以至于使盖伦的理论轰然崩塌

For me, William Harvey is one of the greats,

我认为 威廉·哈维是一位伟大的医生

a founding father of modern experimental medicine.

现代实验型医学的奠基人

Harvey had learnt the advantages of a probing questioning approach

哈维在帕多瓦大学当学生时体会到了

when he was a student at Padua University.

探索质疑方法的优越性

But where Vesalius had just observed,

比起维萨里仅仅依赖观察

Harvey went further.

哈维更进了一步

He investigated.

他深入研究

He questioned the widely accepted belief

对于血由肝脏制造

that blood is made by the liver

供给身体其他部位使用的观点

and consumed by the rest of the body.

他深表怀疑

Harvey conducted a series of experiments,

哈维做了一系列实验

studying animals living and dead.

研究活的和死的动物

One of his most famous experiments

他最著名的实验之一

was to calculate the volume of blood that passes through the heart.

就是计算通过心脏的血量

Now, I've got a pig's heart here,

我这里有一颗猪心

which is about the same volume as a human heart.

体积和人的心脏差不多

Fill it with some nice fake blood and then...

将它灌满人造血

..tip it in there.

然后倒进这里

Ooh, gorgeous!

太美妙了

And then...this is really quite unpleasant and quite gunky -

这确实有点恶心 粘糊糊的

now you've got to weigh it,

然后就要称重

which involves somehow getting the glove off

得先把手套摘掉

and this onto some scales.

将它放到秤上

I've pre-weighed the glass.

我已事先称了玻璃器皿的重量

Right, that's just over two ounces.

好了 刚刚超过57克

Harvey did some quick calculations

哈维根据心跳频率

based on how often the heart beats

做了些简单的计算

and came up with a figure of five hundred ounces.

得出了14千克这个数据

That's how much blood is passing through the heart every half an hour.

这就是每半个小时通过心脏的血量

It is more than the entire volume of blood in the human body.

这比人体内所有血量还要多

Harvey's figures showed that the heart can propel

哈维的数据显示 心脏每天可以

an astonishing 4,000 litres of blood every single day.

惊人地输出4千升血液

That's an awful lot of blood.

这可是非常多的血

Now, if accepted wisdom was correct,

如果公认的知识是正确的

then the body was making and using up this much blood

那么身体每24小时要制造并使用

every 24 hours.

这么多的血

This, plus all the other experiments he'd done,

这项实验和他所做的其他实验

suggested to Harvey there could only be one explanation,

均向哈维表明解释只有一个

that the blood circulates around the body.

那就是血液是在身体内循环的

This went completely against everything he had been taught,

这一结论和他之前所学的完全相反

but he had to trust the evidence of his own eyes.

但他得相信自己亲眼所见的事实

Harvey concluded

于是哈维得出结论

that the heart's real function

心脏的真正功能

was to propel blood around the body.

是推动血液在身体内流动

The heart was no longer purely a mysterious organ

心脏不再只是一个将生命精华

that infuses blood with the essence of life.

注入血液的神秘器官

It was now more like a pump.

而现在它更像一个泵

Harvey proved that the blood circulates round the body

哈维推翻了被信奉了1500年的教条

and overthrew 1,500 years of dogma.

证明了血液在人体内循环流动

But perhaps more importantly than that,

而与之相比更重要的是

he established the experimental method,

他所建立的实验方法

which is still crucial to science today.

对现代科学依然至关重要

He also inadvertently

同时 他也在不经意间

opened the door to a new understanding of life.

为理解生命的新方向敞开了大门

It was a more physical explanation of how the body works.

这是对人体工作原理一种较物理性的解释

This change was born

这一改变来源于

out of the realism of perspective painting,

现实主义的透视绘画

a new observational school of anatomy

一所全新的观察性解剖学校

and Harvey's experimental method.

以及哈维的实验方法

The stage was set

通往人体和生命的

for a more materialistic approach to the body and to life.

更加物质化的研究方向逐渐拉开帷幕

This town clock near Padua was built in the 17th century,

这座位于帕多瓦附近的时钟建于17世纪

a time when mechanics

那时机械原理

was helping explain the world around us.

有助于人类解释身边的事物

Men like Galileo and Newton

伽利略和牛顿等人

were offering a completely new view of the cosmos

以数学和物理学为基础

based on mathematics and physics.

向人类展示了一个全新的宇宙

Its internal workings were likened to those of a clock -

其内部工作原理可以比喻为时钟

cogs, weights, pulleys,

轮齿 砝码 滑轮

simple components that together make a complex machine.

正是这些简单的零件组成了复杂的机器

People began to wonder

于是人类开始思考

if there were things in nature

自然界中是否还有其它事物

that were also driven by hidden clockwork,

是由看不见的机械发条所驱动

whether nature itself

自然界本身是否

moved to the beat of a mechanical drum.

也是跟随机械鼓的节拍变化着

Could the same be true of us?

那人类是否也是如此

Are we just mechanical beings?

我们也只是机械的物体吗

Go on, test me, give me another on another finger.

继续 另一根手指上也放一个

- OK! It doesn't hurt a bit! - OK!

好了 一点都不疼 -好

An Italian mathematician called Giovanni Borelli

一位叫乔瓦尼·博雷利的意大利数学家

took the rigorous analytical methods from mechanics

把力学中严谨的分析方法

and applied them to the study of life.

应用到了对生命的研究中

- OK. Keep going. - OK, we're up to eleven.

继续 -好 加到11公斤了

Ok.

好

Pick another one, go on.

再加一个 继续

OK! Go ahead and bring your arm down.

好了 可以把胳膊放下了

Oh, that's...that's really easy now.

现在...现在很轻松了

Yeah, it's much, much easier.

比之前轻松多了

In his attempts to understand the body,

在研究人体的过程中

Borelli broke it down into simple components.

博雷利将其分解成简单的组件

Borelli described the body as a set of levers and pulleys,

博雷利把人体看成一系列的杠杆和滑轮组

so these pulleys here connect the two levers,

这些滑轮是连接这两个杠杆

which are the bones of the body,

即人体的骨头

and around the pulley goes a rope,

滑轮上有一条绳子

and that's how he described the muscles of the body.

他就是用这个来描述人体的肌肉

He deduced that our musculoskeletal system

他推断 我们肌肉骨骼系统的关键

is less about strength,

不在于力量

more about movement.

而在于运动

Because it's attached here,

因为它和这儿相连

just a small movement in the muscle,

所以肌肉只需轻微地运动一下

a small contraction, creates a huge motion.

轻微收缩一下 就会引起大幅度的动作

Ah! But you have to have quite a lot of force to do it,

但是你得用上很大的力量

because it's closer to that.

因为它距离更短

Exactly. - But you can get quite a lot of movement

对 -但是距离短

from a relatively short.... - you get a lot of motion.

运动幅度就大 -确实是

It was a significant step

这对解释人体运作方式

towards explaining how our bodies really work.

是一次非常重要的进步

Having broken it down,

把人体各部分分解之后

Borelli could now put the body back together again.

博雷利又将它们重新拼凑起来

It's very clever, isn't it?

这个做法很聪明

Er, right, where is that coming out?

这个从哪出来的

Oh, yes.

对 是这样

Here we go. There we go. Ta-da!

行了 完工了

Fabulous!

太棒了

And Borelli didn't just look at movement,

博雷利不仅观察运动

he analysed the internal organs, too,

还分析了人体内部器官

calculating the volume of the lungs

计算了肺的体积

and the force of the pumping heart.

以及心脏的泵血力量

So this is, I suppose, the development of the idea

这就是把人比作机器

of man as a machine, which is... - Absolutely.

这一理念的起源 -对

a very useful metaphor, isn't it?

这是一个非常形象的比喻 对吧

Yeah. I think it's...it's really ingenious

对 我觉得

how he broke the body down into such simple components

他通过将人体分解成简单的组成部分

and could come up with quite ingenious reasons

因而想出人体的运作方式

for how the body works.

是非常有创造性的

So here you have it,

这就是一条人的胳膊

a human arm stripped down to its bare essentials.

被简化到最根本的样子

Borelli really had shown

博雷利确实证明了

that you could describe the human body in mechanical terms.

机械词汇还可以用来描绘人体

It was a machine -

人体是台机器

an incredibly sophisticated machine,

虽然是一台极其精密的机器

but a machine nonetheless.

但仍然是台机器

Borelli inspired a new science of biomechanics.

博雷利开启了生物力学这一新科学

The living body broken down

人体可被分解为

into component parts.

多个组成部分

Life reduced to simple physical laws.

生命被简化为最基础的物理定律

For those who believed in the mechanical body,

对于那些相信机械人体论的人来说

there was a significant problem.

还有一个非常严重的问题

Now, this clock needs to be wound up every 47 hours,

每隔47小时 这钟就得上一次发条

otherwise it simply...stops.

否则它就会停下

But what is the equivalent in the human body?

可是人体内与此对应的东西是什么

What is the life force that drives you and me?

驱动你我的生命之力是什么

This question rekindled an ancient idea known as vitalism,

这问题重燃了古老的"活力论"理念

the belief that there was something more to life

此理念相信生命所蕴含的不仅是具肉体

than a physical body,

还有更深层的东西

something intangible.

无形之物

In the 18th century,

18世纪时

many believed that extra something

很多人相信这个额外的东西

might lie in the very latest scientific marvel.

应该跟最新的科学奇迹有关

Electricity.

那就是电

No one knew quite what it was,

没人知道电到底是什么

no one knew quite where it came from.

也没人知道电来自何方

All over Europe, people were investigating electricity,

整个欧洲都在研究电力

and they were making some extraordinary claims,

还有一些惊人的说法

for example that you could use it

例如 电可以使果树

to make your fruit trees bear more fruit.

结出更多果子

You could also use it to make your dinner a bit more tasty.

电还可以让饭菜变得更美味

But what really grabbed people's imagination

但是真正吸引人们注意的是

was the idea that it was electricity

有人认为正是电

that was responsible for bringing the cold machine of the body to life.

使得人类机械的身体有了生命

In the 1780s,

18世纪80年代

a physician called Luigi Galvani

一位叫路易吉·伽伐尼的医生

had made one of the most perplexing

做出了那个世纪

and important discoveries of the century.

最令人费解最为重要的发现

He had found that touching frogs' legs

他发现用不同金属

with different metals would make them twitch.

碰触青蛙腿会使其痉挛

I can remember when I was a medical student

记得我还是个医学生的时候

and we first started using electrical currents on frogs' legs,

第一次用电流刺激蛙腿的情景

and I saw one twitch like that.

也看到了刚才那样的痉挛

It was incredibly disturbing,

这非常令人不安

because I knew it was dead

因为我知道青蛙已经死了

but it seemed to be coming to life.

可是似乎它又活了过来

Now, Galvani himself was convinced

于是伽伐尼确信

that electricity was being generated

电流是由青蛙组织

from within the tissue of the frog.

内部产生的

He called it "Animal electricity",

他称之为"动物电"

and he saw a very powerful connection

他认为电与活力和生命之间

between electricity, animation and life itself.

有着非常密切的关系

Galvani claimed to have discovered the vital force,

伽伐尼声称自己发现了生命之力

the thing that makes tissue alive.

让肉体组织有了生命的活力

Was this evidence of a link between matter and spirit?

这是物质和灵魂之间有关联的证据吗

Could animal electricity be the spark of life?

动物电是否就是燃起生命的火花

Across Europe, eminent researchers set out to find out.

欧洲著名的研究者都在研究这个问题

One man who took it to extremes

而将研究推到极致的

was the German scholar Alexander von Humboldt.

是一位叫亚历山大·冯·洪堡的德国学者

He was one of the great romantic figures of his time.

他是当时伟大的浪漫主义人物之一

His epic journeys around South America made him famous.

他史诗般的环南美旅行令其闻名遐迩

Charles Darwin described him as

查尔斯·达尔文形容他是

The greatest scientific traveller who ever lived.

世界上最伟大的科学旅行者

But his early passion was electricity,

但他早期的热情是研究电力

and he did numerous experiments on frogs and on himself.

他在青蛙和自己身上进行了大量实验

At Humboldt's old university,

在洪堡曾经就读过的大学里

I'm in the hands of Dr. David Liebetanz.

我会见了大卫·列博坦兹医生

We have two channels, and I will activate them separately.

这里有两条电路 我会分别将它们接通

Tell me when you feel something.

有感觉的话告诉我

Nothing? OK, I have to switch it on!

没感觉吗 好吧 我得先打开开关

Ooh, I could feel a little... - Yeah?

我能感觉到轻微的... -什么

..little twitch.

轻微的痉挛

Von Humboldt wanted to see

冯·洪堡想弄明白

if animal electricity was the life force

动物电是否就是让人体这台机器

'that animated the human machine.'

得以运动的生命之力

Finger.

手指

Good lord!

我的天啊

I have no voluntary control over my hands at the moment,

现在我无法控制自己的手了

and I can't put it down.

我放不下这根手指

My muscles are contracting

是精准控制的电击

due to carefully controlled electric shocks.

使我的肌肉收缩

In Von Humboldt's time, this was a lot more rudimentary.

在冯·洪堡时期 这项实验更简陋些

I know what's going on,

我知道其中的原理

but von Humboldt had no idea,

但冯·洪堡却不知道

so this must have been quite literally a major shock for him.

所以这一定让他十分震惊

It's quite strange that it doesn't want to go down.

真奇怪 压都压不下去

Right.

好了

To recapture the sheer bewildering strangeness

为了重现这些电流实验

of those electrical experiments two hundred years ago,

在两百年前所带来的奇妙感觉

David has devised an experiment,

大卫设计了一个实验

adapting his machine to respond to music.

将他的仪器与音乐相联

Oh, God, thank goodness that is over!

天哪 谢天谢地 终于结束了

That was one of the most

这是我这辈子

unpleasant and interesting experiences of my life.

最不舒服又最有趣的经历

I had no idea what it looked like,

我不知道看上去什么样

but it felt unbelievably strange.

但感觉真是奇怪极了

I could feel just my face just jumping all over the place.

我就觉得我脸上的各处肌肉都在跳

Oh, it was nasty!

太难受了

Nasty, nasty, nasty!

难受 真难受

But very funny. It looked very, very funny.

但很有趣 看起来很好笑

That was like possession.

就像被附身了

It was like...oh, that was really, really unpleasant.

真的是太别扭了

Unbelievably,

难以想象

Humboldt spent five years doing these sort of experiments.

洪堡花了整整五年时间都在做这类实验

In fact, he did over 4,000 of them,

事实上 他做了四千多个这样的实验

and when he published in 1797,

当他在1797年发布成果时

it caused an absolute sensation throughout Europe.

整个欧洲都为之轰动

Other experimenters agreed.

其他实验科学家也都赞同这一观点

This seemed to be evidence of a link between matter and spirit.

物质和灵魂之间似乎确实存在联系

They tried to use electricity to bring the dead back to life,

他们试图用电流让尸体死而复生

and failed.

但最终失败

However hard they tried,

无论他们怎么努力

they couldn't impart life to flesh and blood.

就是无法给血肉注入生命

The promise of animal electricity

动物电给活力论者带来的

proved to be a false dawn for vitalists.

只是虚空的希望

The search for the secret of life

对生命奥秘的探索

would require a whole new approach to science.

需要一个新的科学研究方法

Nineteenth century Berlin,

19世纪的柏林

capital of a nation on the rise.

是一个蓬勃日上国家的首都

The Prussian establishment

普鲁士王国建造了

built grand monuments and great armies,

宏伟的纪念碑和强大的军队

it invested in industry and technology.

投入资金发展工业和科技

Prussian aspirations

普鲁士的远大抱负

spawned innovative working methods.

催生了大量创新的工作方式

University students, for example, instead of just taking notes,

比如说 大学生不再只限于做笔记

now collaborated with their professors on new research,

他们开始与教授合作进行新研究

and that collaboration was given a suitable home,

这种合作研究也有了理想的场所

the research laboratory.

研究实验室

This was when the modern idea of the research laboratory was born.

研究实验室的现代理念正是由此产生

Instead of lone geniuses,

过去天才科学家们单枪匹马

there would be teams of scientists tackling problems,

如今科学家们组成研究团队 合作实验

doing experiments,

攻克难题

having their results peer-reviewed.

并让同行评议实验成果

This change in the way that science is managed and carried out

这种科学研究的方式和管理上的改进

would prove to be just as important

比起任何一个科学发现

as any individual discovery.

都同等重要

Scientific research would now be organised,

科学研究开始走向组织化

systemised, legitimised.

系统化 合理化

All this would have a direct effect on the future of biology.

这一切都将对生物学的未来产生直接影响

The research laboratories of Prussia

普鲁士的研究实验室

were about to make a series of stunning discoveries,

即将孕育出一系列让人惊叹的发现

discoveries that would fundamentally alter our understanding of life -

这些发现将根本改变我们对生命的认知

all life, everywhere.

世界上所有的生命

The new Prussian system exploited a technology

新式的普鲁士研究方法充分运用了一个

that had been invented 200 years before -

早在两百年前发明的技术

the microscope.

显微镜

One of the first to use it

17世纪的罗伯特·胡克

had been Robert Hook in the 17th century.

是最早使用显微镜的科学家之一

His book "Micrographia"

他的著作《显微图谱》

contains illustrations of a hidden world.

用图片展示了一个隐秘世界

The microscope had revealed the intricate structure of plants,

显微镜揭示了植物 雪花

snowflakes and natural fibres.

和天然纤维的复杂结构

Insects with body parts on a scale

昆虫的身体被放大至

no-one had imagined possible.

人们无法想象的比例

It showed the world in unprecedented detail.

它前所未有地展现了这世界各种细节

Now, this isn't the most beautiful picture in this book,

这张虽然不是书中最美的图片

but it is without doubt the most important.

但绝对是最重要的

It's actually a slice of cork,

这其实只是张木栓的截面图

and when Hook looked at it,

胡克观察它的时候

he could see all these funny little boxes.

注意到了这些有趣的小格子

For reasons best known to himself,

谁也猜不透

he decided they looked like rooms he had seen in a monastery,

他为什么会觉得它们像修道院里的小房间

so he gave them the same name, cells.

于是他也将这些称为胞室[细胞]

At the time,

当时

no-one realised the true significance of what he had seen,

还没人意识到细胞的重要性

and the idea of the cell

细胞这一概念

would languish in obscurity for 200 years.

被历史尘封了两百年

The cell finally resurfaced in the mid-19th century

最终在19世纪中期的普鲁士实验室里

in the research laboratories of Prussia.

细胞重新引起人们注意

There were now well-engineered microscopes

那时 每台实验台上都已配有

on every laboratory bench,

制作精良的显微镜

used to expose new wonders.

用于发现新知

And researchers now saw cells, not just in cork,

研究人员发现 不仅木栓里含有细胞

but in other plants and in animals.

其他动植物中也有

In fact, they saw cells in every living thing.

事实上 他们在所有生物中都发现了细胞

This was an absolutely incredible claim.

这无疑是令人震惊的发现

Even now, it is hard to grasp that

即使现在 也有些令人难以置信

every living thing, whatever its outward appearance,

一切生物 无论外表如何

from an ant to an elephant,

从蚂蚁到大象

from a blade of grass to my thumb,

从草叶到我的拇指

is made up of the same basic structures.

都由同一种基本结构组成

But the revelations about the cell had only just begun.

而细胞的神秘面纱才刚刚被掀起

A little-known German called Robert Remak

一位鲜为人知的德国人罗伯特·瑞马克

observed and recorded a remarkable process.

记录了一个不同寻常的发现

Studying frogspawn, he saw the single egg divide...

在研究蛙卵时 他发现单个卵子分裂

..and divide again.

再分裂

Seen in time lapse,

这段时移影片中可以看到

at first the cells are simply replicating.

细胞先是简单地复制

Then, slowly, the cells start to specialise

接着 慢慢地 细胞开始分化

and form the different body parts of the juvenile frog.

形成青蛙幼体的各个身体部分

And it isn't just the tadpole that grows like this.

不仅是蝌蚪以这种形式生长

What is true of frogs is also true of us.

这一过程也同样适用于我们人类

It is an extraordinary thought

这一观点非同寻常

that every one of the trillions of cells that make up my body

组成我们身体的数万亿细胞

originally came from just a single cell.

每一个都是从同一个细胞分裂而来

The microscope had revealed two fundamental rules of life -

显微镜揭示了两条最根本的生命定律

every living thing on the planet is made of cells,

第一 地球上的每个生物都由细胞组成

and cells only come from other cells.

第二 细胞只能由细胞演变而来

Understand the cell, and you'd understand what life was.

理解细胞 就能理解生命

Except it wasn't as easy as all that,

但也不只是这么简单

because even with the best microscopes

因为即使是最精密的显微镜

this is all they could see,

也只能观察到

a nucleus in a translucent mush.

一团半透明细胞质中包裹着一个细胞核

If biologists were to make further progress,

如果生物学家想取得进展

they had to find a way to make the invisible visible.

就必须让肉眼看不见的物质显现出来

They would need help,

他们需要帮助

and they would get it from two very different worlds,

而这种帮助来自于两个截然不同的领域

theoretical physics and fashion.

理论物理学和时尚界

In the 1850s, the first synthetic dyes burst onto the scene,

19世纪50年代 首种合成染料诞生

creating a whole new range of colours.

创造出了一系列新颜色

Fashion drove demand.

时尚带动了需求

Painting and the arts were also revitalised.

绘画和艺术界也重振雄风

Artificial colours were made on an industrial scale

德国化学家们开始工业化地生产

by German chemists.

人造色素

They not only stained clothes, they also stained cells.

它们不仅给衣服染色 还能给细胞染色

Different colours were made with different chemicals,

不同颜色由不同化工原料制成

which meant each dye

这也意味着

would stain a different part of the cell.

不同染料可以给细胞的不同部分上色

Structures now began to appear within the translucent mush.

细胞质中的结构开始显现

Surely one of these must contain the secret of life.

生命的奥秘必将藏于其中的某一部分

The reductionist journey,

随着细胞研究的深入

probing deeper and deeper into the body,

一步步深入人体的

now began to gather pace as researchers delved into the cell.

解构式研究进程速度也大大加快

They discovered internal membranes,

他们发现了细胞内膜

protein structures and energy stores.

蛋白质结构和储能物质

But what stood out inside the nucleus

而最引人注目的则是

were chromosomes.

细胞核内的染色体

Chromosomes, meaning "Coloured bodies",

染色体 意为被染色的物体

were named after the dyes that had helped reveal them,

因将其染色的染料而得名

and they clearly played a crucial role

很显然 它们对细胞的分裂和复制

when a cell divides and replicates.

有着至关重要的作用

It seemed this was where the secret of life must lie.

生命的奥秘似乎就深藏于此

This new unit of life, the chromosome,

染色体 这一生命的新单位

had emerged from the rise of Germany as a world power,

得以拨云见日要归功于德国的崛起

its creation of research laboratories

和他们所创建的研究实验室

and its investment in the chemical dye industry.

以及对化工印染业的投资

These factors had brought us

这些因素使我们

tantalisingly close to a new understanding of life.

距离理解生命只有咫尺之遥

But it seems as if science never solves one problem

可是科学似乎总在解决一个问题的同时

without creating ten more.

延伸出另外十个问题

Having identified chromosomes,

发现染色体之后

it was clear that researchers

研究人员显然还需

would need to find out how they worked,

搞清楚它们如果运作

how they replicated,

它们如何复制

and that was a massive problem.

而这才是一个大问题

The story of science has never been straightforward.

科学史的发展从来都是迂回曲折

The next development seems to have little to do with biology.

下一步的发展看似与生物学毫无关系

Instead,

它所涉及的

it featured the world's greatest physicists and mathematicians.

是世上最伟大的物理学家和数学家们

They were brought together with a single goal,

他们为了一个单一的目标走到了一起

a goal they would achieve with devastating success.

而最终实现目标的代价却是一场灾难

Yet, ironically enough,

更讽刺的是

it was their success and their burning intellectual curiosity

正是他们的成功和求知欲

which would lead to a moral crisis,

引发了一场道德危机

and one which would have far-reaching impacts

这也对理解生命的探索

on the quest to understand what is life.

产生了深远的影响

It's hard to imagine now,

看着这些废弃了的警卫亭

looking at these derelict guard boxes,

现在很难想象到

but this was once one of the most highly classified places

但这曾是全美国

in the entire United States.

最高机密的地方之一

Through there, there were 50,000 people working on a project

曾有5万人在这片区域共同研究

which was so secret

一个极其机密的项目

that even the people who lived just down there

即使生活在附近的居民

had no idea what was going on.

也不知道这里到底是干什么的

At the time, it did not appear on maps,

当时 连地图上也找不到这个地方

but it consumed more electricity than New York.

但这里的用电量比纽约市的都大

Oak Ridge, Tennessee,

田纳西州的橡树岭

was part of the biggest scientific

曾经参与过历史上最大规模的

and technological project in history,

一次科学技术研究项目

the Manhattan Project.

曼哈顿计划

And its aim? To create a nuclear bomb.

而它的目的 就是研制出核弹

The uranium in Little Boy,

投放在广岛的那颗

the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima,

名叫"小男孩"的核弹中的铀元素

was made here in Oak Ridge.

正是从橡树岭研制出来的

The bomb contained 64 kilograms of uranium,

那颗核弹中含有64公斤的铀

of which less than 0.6 of a gram -

而其中不到0.6克

that's about this much -

差不多是这么多

was turned into pure energy.

转化成了纯粹的能量

But this was enough.

但这已足够

There have been few more significant moments for science

在科学发展史上有比这个更具意义的时刻

than this.

寥寥无几

It changed so much.

它导致了翻天覆地的巨变

The creation of an instrument of death

这种死亡工具的出现

would even shape the science of life.

甚至影响了生命科学的发展

Many of the intellectuals behind the project were gentle souls.

此项目的幕后研究者们大多都是善良的人

They had gone into physics

他们投身于物理学

because of the sublime beauty that could be uncovered,

是因为想要发掘出其中的非凡美妙

but instead they had built bombs

但他们却制造出了

that had killed, poisoned and mutilated

导致几十万男女老少

hundreds of thousands of men, women and children.

被炸死 毒死 或致残的核炸弹

They were dreamers

原本一群有梦想的人

who had created their own nightmare.

却一手导演了自己的噩梦

Many wanted out of physics.

很多人不想再研究物理了

It was tainted.

它已经被玷污了

They wanted something more life-affirming,

他们想找一些能肯定生命的东西

and they found it, in biology.

而他们在生物学上找到了

They took with them their knowledge of atomic structure

他们把已知的原子结构知识

and applied their techniques to the stuff of life.

运用到了研究生命的技术当中

After the War,

战争结束后

a physicist called Maurice Wilkins

一位叫莫里斯·威尔金斯的物理学家

came here to King's College, London,

来到了伦敦国王学院

to study the enigmatic chromosome.

开始研究神秘的染色体

What Maurice Wilkins started here at King's would lead to

威尔金斯在国王学院里所展开的研究

one of THE great scientific discoveries of the 20th century

成为了20世纪最伟大的发现之一

and transform our understanding of life.

同时也改变了我们对生命的理解

It began innocuously enough,

当威尔金斯开始研究

when Wilkins started to investigate

染色体中所发现的这种化学物质时

one of the chemicals found inside chromosomes.

他还未意识到它的重要性

Let me show you.

给大家展示一下

All it takes to extract is a little salt water,

想要提取它 只需加入一点盐水

some washing-up liquid and a splash of ice-cold alcohol.

一点洗洁精以及少量的冷酒精

So, this gunky stuff here...

然后 这个黏稠的东西...

..is DNA.

就是DNA

Isn't that wonderful?

是不是很神奇呢

Never seen my own DNA before.

之前从未见到过自己的DNA

All you need to make another Michael Mosley.

只需这个就能造出另一个迈克尔·莫斯利

Or is it?

真是这样吗

Is DNA alone really the answer?

真正的答案仅仅是DNA吗

Back in the 1950s,

即使在20世纪50年代

they realised that DNA was special,

他们已意识到了DNA的特别之处

they just didn't know an awful lot about it.

只是那时他们对DNA的了解还不够

When Maurice Wilkins started looking into it,

莫里斯·威尔金斯开始研究它的时候

he decided to approach the problem

他决定从物理学家的角度

from a physicist's point of view,

着手解答此问题

looking at the physical structure.

那就是观察它的物理结构

He was convinced that if you could understand the structure,

他深信 如果能了解结构

then you could understand, if you like, its function,

就能理解它的功能

how it managed to reproduce.

理解它是如何复制的

His weapon of choice was a technique called X-ray diffraction.

他所选用的技术名为X射线衍射分析

X-rays fired at the DNA hit the molecule

射向DNA的X射线遇到分子结构

and get scattered.

就会散射

The pattern of the scattering

分析散射的路径

can be used to calculate the shape of the molecule.

就可以计算出分子的形状

This, essentially, is a photograph of a molecule's shadow.

这幅图其实就是一张分子的阴影成像

Joining Wilkins' department

此时 一位顶级X光衍射专家

was one of the best X-ray diffraction experts around,

加入了威尔金斯研究团队

Rosalind Franklin.

她就是罗莎琳德·富兰克林

Rosalind Franklin was working with samples of DNA.

罗莎琳德·富兰克林曾研究过DNA样本

In fact, what we have here in this tube is an original sample.

这支管里装的就是她用过的原始样本

Can I?

可以给我吗

Yes. It's her handwriting on the tube.

可以 试管上的字就是她的笔迹

Here we have

这里面

just on a mount made out of a paper clip, a drawn fibre,

固定于回形针底座上的是一根提取的纤维

if you can see that stretched fibre...

如果你能看到那根伸展的纤维就会发现

Oh right, I found it. -which is still intact there.

是的 我看到了 -它还非常完整

She knew that she was taking the photographs

她知道她所拍下的图片

and the data that would eventually prove the structure.

以及记录下的数据最终都能证明结构

But she had competition.

但是她有竞争者

In Cambridge,

在剑桥大学

another team was also racing to make sense of DNA.

另一个小组同时也在研究DNA

Francis Crick, another former physicist,

同为前物理学家的弗朗西斯·克里克

and James Watson were building models.

和詹姆斯·沃森当时正在建模型

they published the famous double helix.

他们发表了著名的双螺旋结构

Crick and Watson got the glory,

克里克和沃森获得了荣誉

but their model was actually

但他们的模型其实是

inspired by one of Franklin's photographs,

从富兰克林的一张照片中获得了灵感

shown to Watson WITHOUT Franklin's knowledge.

而沃森看到照片时 富兰克林并不知情

Her famous one is this one here...

她最著名的照片就是这张

The famous photograph, 51...

这张著名的照片 第51号

which was shown to Jim Watson... - Indeed.

就是詹姆·沃森所看到的 -确实

by Maurice Wilkins in early 1953.

是威尔金斯在1953年初给他看的

So was this photograph literally in her drawer or something?

那这张照片原本是在她抽屉里还是怎样

- Yes...I think so. - She'd stuffed it away, and...

我想是的 -她将照片塞进了抽屉

he pulls it out and goes,

他把它拿出来 然后说

Here Jim, have a look at this?

詹姆过来看看这个

Exactly. - Something like that?

没错 -差不多就是这样

Yes. - And that was the historic moment?

是的 -那是一个历史性的时刻

That was the moment when he said he realised

他说 就是那一刻他意识到了

how clear the evidence was...

证据多么明显

...for...for a helix.

就是螺旋结构

Now, the reason why structure matters,

现在我们知道结构为什么重要了

why it mattered that there were these two strands

为什么两条DNA链紧密缠绕

which were closely entwined,

会如此重要

is because it neatly explains

因为此结构完美地解释了

how a cell divides, how it replicates.

细胞是如何分裂如何复制的

And until now,

直到现在

that had been one of the biology's greatest mysteries.

才解开了生物学中最重大的一个谜团

The flurry of research which followed

随后的一系列研究发现

revealed DNA's far-reaching influence on life.

DNA对生命也有着深远的影响

It controls the layout of our bodies

它控制着我们身体的结构

and the workings of our biochemistry.

以及身体内部生物化学的运作

It reveals our ancestry.

它能揭露我们的血统

It may soon direct our medical treatment.

亦可能很快就能指引我们所接受的医疗

DNA is the foundation of a new science of life.

DNA是生命新科学的基础

Now, for a while, people must have thought

而有一段时间 人们曾以为

that they had the secret of life within their grasp,

他们已经解开了生命的奥秘

but the more they looked into DNA,

但他们越深入研究DNA

the more complicated it got.

就越发觉它是多么的复杂

Life is not as simple as all that.

生命并不只是那么简单

In the last 50 years,

过去50年来

we've uncovered a vast amount about DNA --

我们揭示了许多关于DNA的知识

what it’s made of,

它是由什么组成的

how it functions,

它怎样运作

we can even make it in the lab.

我们甚至可以在实验室里制造出来

But we also discovered

但我们也发现

that DNA alone is not enough to create life.

仅靠DNA是无法创造出生命的

DNA is simply a set of instructions,

DNA仅仅只是一系列

which is read by other molecules.

被其他分子解读的指示

And DNA can even be modified by other parts of the same cell.

而DNA亦可被细胞中的其他部分修饰

This circular feedback means

这种环形反馈意味着

life cannot be pinned down to one component.

仅用一种成分 不能铸造生命

DNA cannot operate in isolation,

DNA是无法单独运作的

it needs all the chemicals,

它需要其周围与其共存在的

proteins and energy sources that naturally surround it.

所有化学元素 蛋白质 以及能量源

In short, to create life

简单说 想造出生命

you absolutely need the whole cell.

就必须有个完整的细胞

The process of delving ever deeper into the body

在更深入地研究人体内部后

has revealed so much.

又有了许多新发现

It has created modern biology.

它开创了现代生物学

But it's also shown

但同时也表明

that the secret of life does not lie in simplicity,

生命的奥秘无法简单地归根于

in any one chemical or process.

某种化学物质或某种生化过程

The essence of life lies in complexity.

生命的本质是非常复杂的

The hope of finding easy answers has slipped away.

想要寻求简单答案的希望破灭了

But I'm optimistic.

但我还是很乐观

I'm convinced that one day

我相信终有一日

we will understand how the components of the cell combine.

我们能够了解细胞组件如果结合运作

We may even be able to create life from scratch.

我们甚至可以从零开始创造出生命

However, that will be pretty primitive,

虽然 那只能是相当原始的

just one cell.

单个细胞

It is a massive step from that to this,

从单个细胞演变成这样

the billions of cells that make up my body

组成我身体的数十亿个细胞

and which communicate with each other in ways

它们正运用我们还未能理解的

that at the moment we have not even begun to grasp.

某种方式互相交流着

We have gone on an enormous journey

我们经历了很长一段旅程

to get where we are today,

才走到了今天

but when it comes to understanding the complexity of life,

但若要真正了解复杂的生命

I think we still have a huge way to go.

我认为我们还有很长的路要走

In the final programme,

在最后一集里

the most intimate question of them all -

我们将探讨一个最私人的问题