There are some great questions

自从人类眼中闪耀出智慧之光

that have intrigued and haunted us

就有几个重要的问题

since the dawn of humanity.

让我们为之着迷

The story of our search to answer those questions

寻找答案的故事

is the story of science.

就是科学的故事

Of all human endeavours,

在人类所有的成就中

science has had the greatest impact on our lives,

科学对生活的影响最为深刻

on how we see the world,

影响了我们对这个世界

on how we see ourselves.

以及对我们自身的看法

Its ideas, its achievements, its results

它的思想 成就 结晶

are all around us.

无处不在

So how did we arrive at the modern world?

我们是如何建立起现代社会的呢

The answer is more surprising

其过程比你想象的

and more human than you might think.

更神奇 更人性

It is a tale of...

这个故事充满了

and

以及

This time, one of the more intimate questions

本集将讲述我们所关心的

we've ever asked.

最深刻的问题之一

What makes us human?

人何以为人

The question, what is human nature,

人性是什么

what is it that shapes our thoughts, feelings and desires,

是什么塑造了人类的思想 感情 欲望

is one that philosophers,

这些是哲学家

writers and religious leaders have all struggled with.

作家以及宗教领袖们一直追寻的问题

I am particularly interested

我尤其感兴趣的是

in how science has wrestled with this particular question,

科学能如何解答这个特殊的问题

and that's not just because it gets to the heart of who we are,

这不仅能解答"何谓人类"这个问题

but also because it gets to the heart

更可以揭示

of what science itself is.

何谓科学的核心

I want to begin with one of the great civilisations

我们将从世界上最伟大的

of the ancient world,

文明古国之一谈起

Egypt.

埃及

The ancient Egyptians were amongst the first people

据我们所知 古埃及人是

we know about to really wrestle with the question,

最早开始探究"人何以为人"

what makes us human?

这个问题的民族之一

We humans are acutely aware of ourselves,

我们人类对自己肉体的存在

of the sense of being alive,

对活着的意义

of living within our own skin.

均有深刻认识

But where does this "Me" reside?

但是"我"存在于何处

Where is the control centre?

我的控制中心在哪里

Where is the essence of what I truly am?

我到底是谁的本质是什么

Egyptian beliefs about what made us human

通过古埃及人对来世的态度

are revealed in their attitudes to the afterlife.

可以判断出他们对"人何以为人"的见解

Certain organs, like the stomach, lungs or liver,

他们认为像胃 肺 肝之类的器官

were seen as so critical they were frequently removed,

及其重要 所以会将它们移出尸体

embalmed, and put back inside the body for burial.

做防腐处理并放回体后 再进行安葬

The Egyptians believed

古埃及人认为

that the heart was the key to the afterlife,

心脏是通往来世的关键

that when you died,

所以人死后

it would testify for your good or your bad deeds.

它会为这人生前行为的好坏作证

On this papyrus you can see a heart

这张莎草纸上画着一个天平

being weighed up against a feather.

两端各有一颗心和一片羽毛

If it was heavier than the feather

如果心比羽毛重的话

then this demon over here would come and eat it,

这个魔鬼就会把心吃掉

and that was all over for you.

那这人就算彻底完了

In fact, the idea of being light-hearted

事实上 心情轻松或沉重的概念

or heavy-hearted comes from the Egyptians.

就是来自于古埃及人

And in a way you can understand why

其中原因不难理解

they thought that the emotions resided in the heart.

古埃及人认为情感存于心中

Certainly when I have been broken-hearted

当我心碎的时候

I've felt it in my gut, and in my chest.

胸膛内的五脏六腑都会感受到

So the Egyptians treated the heart with great reverence.

所以 古埃及人对心脏及其崇敬

But what about that other organ

可是 如今我们所知

we now regard as more central to our humanity?

那个更重要的器官又如何呢

Here at Manchester University,

在曼彻斯特大学里

a team of Egyptologists are studying

几位古埃及学家正在研究

a 2,500-year-old mummy.

一具有2500年历史的木乃伊

An endoscope is going to be pushed up its nose

将内窥镜伸入他的鼻腔

to show me how the Egyptians treated the brain.

就能了解古埃及人是如何处理大脑的

Carefully.

慢慢来

As we enter the nose

我们把内窥镜伸进鼻子

through the nasal septum...

通过鼻中隔

How extraordinary.

太令人震惊了

It's like going into some sort of hidden cave.

就像探究隐秘的洞穴一样

It is, isn't it? It's a secret world, really.

的确 就像一个神秘的世界

We would normally be stopped from

通常到这里会有阻碍

going through there because of the bone

因为这里会有一块

that would separate the brain from the nasal cavity.

将大脑和鼻腔分开的骨头

Which should be there.

应该是在这里

Yes, it should be there, of course. - Right.

对 应该在那里 -对

- And so now you're actually entering the skull? - Yes.

现在算是进入了头颅 -对

That's a sort of, a suture on the top of the head, isn't it?

这个就是头顶上的缝合线 是吧

But...there seems to be something missing.

可是好像少了点什么

Yes, there's a brain missing.

当然 少了大脑

How extraordinary.

太神奇了

Do they not see the brain as important?

他们是不是以为大脑不重要

They recognised that

他们知道

the brain controlled some of the bodily actions,

大脑能控制一些身体行为

but they certainly didn't think that the individual personality

但是不知道个人性格品质

was located in the brain.

也由大脑决定

So they removed it and discarded it.

因此他们把大脑移出并扔掉了

so they just took it And chucked it out. - Yes.

所以他们才把大脑弄出来扔了 -对

It shows a certain contempt for what we regard as

古埃及人对如今人类所知的最重要器官

one of our more important organs now. - Absolutely. Yes.

有种轻视心理 -完全正确

The Egyptian concept of what makes us who we are

在古埃及人对"人何以为人"的观念之中

was a mystical union between the physical body

人是肉体与永恒灵魂的

and an everlasting spirit.

神秘结合物

One of the recurring ideas to emerge out of early civilisations

像古埃及这种人类早期文明里

like the Egyptians, was the belief

都有一个反复出现的信念

that we are more than simply flesh and blood.

那就是人不仅仅是血肉之躯

There is something else,

还有某种别的东西

something which is special and makes us human.

一种特殊的 让我们成为人的东西

This conviction is one of the most powerful

这一信念是人类历史上

and enduring in human history.

最强大最持久的信念之一

This belief shapes thinking for millennia.

这一信念影响着后人几千年来的观念

But as Europe emerged from the Middle Ages,

但是随着中世界欧洲的崛起

people started to approach the question differently.

人们开始从其他角度探究这个问题

The physical and intellectual frontiers of Europe

欧洲的物质和知识世界的前沿

were changing,

正发生着改变

and that would encourage a very different view

这鼓励人们从不同的角度

of who we are.

认识自己

That new view can be glimpsed here,

我们可以从这座法国最宏伟的皇宫

the grandest royal palace in France.

领略到这一新观点

Amongst this great splendour,

在这富丽堂皇之中

there's an intriguing technology

有一项非常有意思的技术

that to me reflects a great change

反映出人们看待自己的方式

in how we saw ourselves,

已有了极大的改变

captured in one magnificent room.

这项技术集于一间华丽的屋子里

And this is it.

就是这间屋子

It's the great Hall of Mirrors in Versailles.

这是凡尔赛的镜之厅

It is absolutely fantastic,

真是太壮观了

and the whole room utterly dominated

整个房间几乎都是

by this wall of mirrors

由这种镜墙组成的

which extends down almost 100 metres.

大约有一百米之长

I've never seen mirrors on this scale.

我从未见过规模如此之大的镜子

This really is cutting-edge technology.

这在当时真是一种尖端技术

Now this is not absolutely perfect,

当然它并非十全十美

the surface not completely smooth,

其表面并非十分平滑

you can see little bubbles here in the glass.

玻璃上的小气泡肉眼可见

It's not perfect, it's not like a sort of modern mirror.

虽然不像现代的镜子一样完美

But the size and the scale is unlike anything

但是其大小和规模

which was really done before,

却是前所未有的

and compared to the sort of curvy-wurvy things

与人们所知的那些

that most people would know of from centuries earlier,

数百年前的粗糙工艺相比

this was something different.

这也非常与众不同

Because there was nothing, nothing,

因为之前

nothing like this had been developed before,

从未有过这种东西

it allowed people to just stand there

人们可以站在跟前

and look at themselves and think,

看着镜中的自己思考

you know, "Who am I?" "This is me."

我是谁 "这就是我"

These mirrors represent the culmination of an idea

这些镜子代表了从文艺复兴开始

that had been emerging in Europe since the Renaissance.

就在欧洲出现的一个观点发展到了顶峰

The notion that we are all individuals.

即我们都是独立的个体

Not members of a class, or a guild,

我们不是某个阶层或行业的成员

but defined by our own desires,

而是拥有欲望

ambitions, and destinies.

抱负和命运的个体

Along with this growing awareness of self

这些自我意识在增强的同时

came different questions.

各种问题也随之出现

What makes ME who I am?

是什么让"我"成为我

Why do I have these hopes, these fears,

为什么我会有希望 恐惧

these talents, these expectations?

天赋 与期望

And most importantly of all, what is this "I" anyway?

最重要的是 "我"到底是什么

Throughout history, the technology of the age

纵观历史 每个时代的技术

has stimulated new ways of looking at the world.

都让人们从新的角度认识世界

I can see a thing which looks a little bit...

我能看到一个有点...

I don't know what it is, it looks like

我也不知道是什么 看起来像

some sort of sea creature, possibly a prawn.

海洋里的生物 可能是只虾

New inventions have created metaphors

新发明创造了更多象征性实物

to help us think about what makes us human.

帮助我们解答人何以为人

This skull makes me smile.

这个骷髅很搞笑

In 17th-century France, the philosopher Rene Descartes

17世纪的法国哲学家勒内·笛卡尔

was wrestling with the question of human nature.

探究了人性的问题

For inspiration,

他的灵感

he drew on a technological wonder of the age,

来源于当时的技术奇迹

water-powered mechanical statues.

水力机械雕像

The story goes that

故事是这样的

Descartes is wandering through the royal gardens

笛卡尔当时正在皇家花园散步

and he sees a fountain, and in the middle of the fountain

他看到了一座喷泉 喷泉中央

there is an enormous statue of Neptune,

有一个巨大的海神尼普顿雕塑

which is spouting water, a bit like this.

当时正在喷水 就跟这差不多

And this particular Neptune, when you come close,

有人走近时 雕塑就会

sort of starts to jab at you with the trident.

将三叉戟往人身上戳

And Descartes is rather taken by this,

笛卡尔对此非常着迷

and he starts to think,

他开始思考

and he thinks perhaps animals are just a form of automata,

也许动物也是一种自动装置

that perhaps a prawn really has some sort of gears in it

也许那只虾体内有某种

with lots of sort of intersecting bits and pieces.

很多零部件交互作用的装置

And then he starts wondering,

然后他又想到

perhaps that's what our bodies are,

或许人的身体也是如此

they're just sophisticated machines.

人体只是一部复杂的机器

For the time this was a very daring idea,

在当时 认为人跟机器一样

to suggest we are like machines,

算是一个非常大胆的观点

but it begged the question,

但这也引出了另一个问题

what special quality actually makes us human?

是什么特殊的性质让人成为人

Descartes was a man desperate for certainty,

笛卡尔毕生都在追寻确定性

but this was no time to find it.

然而彼时却满是不定因素

17th-century Europe was riven by religious and political conflict.

宗教与政治斗争令17世纪的欧洲四分五裂

Old certainties of Church and State were crumbling.

教堂与政府的权威正逐渐瓦解

What, thought Descartes, could he trust?

笛卡尔暗自忖度 什么值得相信呢

What could he really know?

能彻底了解些什么呢

Descartes is wracked by doubts,

这些疑虑深深地困扰着笛卡尔

and he wants to find out something he can believe in.

他想找到一件足以令他确信的事物

Imagine, says Descartes, a tower,

笛卡尔曾说过 想象一座塔

and the tower is in fact round,

塔身原本是圆柱状的

but you perceive it as square.

但看上去 却像是长方体状

Or, for example, this thing here,

或者比方说 看这里

from a distance it looks square

从远处看 它似乎是个长方体

but actually when you hold it up it is clearly round.

但拿起来后会发现它其实是圆柱状的

Your vision has been deceived.

眼见并不为实

And then Descartes wondered

于是 笛卡尔开始怀疑

if all his senses were deceiving him.

是否他所有的感官都会产生错觉

He could feel the warmth of his fire,

他能感受到壁火的温暖

see its light, hear its sound,

看到它的光亮 听到它的声响

but he'd experienced the same sensations in a dream.

但在梦中 也同样可以感受到这一切

So perhaps the whole world he was living in

他由此想到 也许身处的整个世界

was nothing but an illusion.

根本就是自己的幻觉

Descartes is now beginning to really question everything,

笛卡尔开始质疑所有事物的真实性

the moon, the sky, the stars.

包括月亮 天空和星辰

Perhaps they're all figments of his imagination.

他觉得或许这一切都是他臆想出来的

But what about maths?

那数学值得相信吗

Two plus three - it always equals five, doesn't it?

2加3永远等于5 对吧

But maybe there's a demon

又或许是他的大脑

who's taken possession of his brain.

被魔鬼控制了 让他以为如此

Descartes is really beginning to doubt everything,

笛卡尔真的什么都不敢相信了

down to the very question

他甚至开始怀疑

of whether he himself existed at all.

自己到底存不存在

And then, finally, he got there.

终于 他找到了答案

He realised that the act of doubting implied a doubter.

他意识到质疑一定得由质疑者提出

There was one thing he could be absolutely certain of,

他能够确信的唯一一件事

the existence of his own thinking, doubting mind.

就是他的思考和质疑真真切切地存在着

He summed it up in a neat philosophical phrase,

他将其总结为一句简短的哲理隽语

I think, therefore I am.

我思故我在

It may be a familiar phrase,

这则隽语兴许妇孺皆知

but it contains a profound idea,

但它却蕴涵着深刻的哲理

the claim that the essence of our humanity

它向世人宣告 人性的本质

lies in our thoughts, our ability to reason.

在于我们拥有思考能力以及逻辑思维

And reason was to form the basis of a new, experimental science.

而逻辑将促成一门新兴实验性科学的诞生

Across the Channel,

在英吉利海峡对岸

a much more bloody approach

一种更为血腥的解答

to the question of "Who are we?"

何谓人类这一难题的方法

was to emerge from a great political clash,

在一场声势浩大的政治冲突中诞生了

the English Civil War.

那就是英国内战

Oxford was a key Royalist stronghold.

牛津大学是保皇派的主要阵地

For some caught up in the action,

对于一些陷入硝烟的人来说

turmoil spelt opportunity.

战乱为他们带来了契机

Here in Oxford, a young man called Thomas Willis

有位名叫托马斯·威利斯的年轻人

was part way through his medical training,

当时正在牛津大学修读医科专业

which in those days lasted an incredible 14 years.

那个年代 读医科需要长达14年之久

The Civil War interrupted his studies,

内战的爆发中断了他的学业

which in many ways was a very good thing.

而多方面看来 这都是件好事

Studying medicine didn't necessarily make you a good doctor,

读医并不一定能成为优秀的医生

for one very good reason --

原因就是

medical teaching was still largely based on ideas from antiquity.

当时的医科教学仍基于古代的医学理论

The disruption of his studies gave Willis the opportunity

而学业的中断 令威利斯有机会

to investigate the body for himself.

自主地探索人体的奥秘

By now, people were exploring the anatomy of the brain.

此时 人们已然开始研究大脑的构造

But still, no-one really knew what it did.

但却仍无人了解大脑的作用何在

In the mid-1600s,

17世纪中叶

Willis began a ground-breaking series of dissections,

威利斯进行了一系列史无前例的解剖实验

and I'm about to get a privileged glimpse

而我将有幸亲眼目睹

of what he would have seen.

他当年所见的场面

There we are.

给你

Human brain.

这就是人脑

- Isn't it wonderful? - It is.

真是太奇妙了 -的确如此

It is utterly unbelievable when you think

想想真是不可思议

that this brain once thought, it reasoned.

这颗大脑也曾思考过 也曾推理过

It's a unique feature of the universe, really.

真乃宇宙间独一无二的奇物

When a brain is sort of fresh,

刚从颅内取出的大脑

it's a very different consistency.

要比这颗大脑标本软得多

Yes, it is, it's...I tell students

是的 我常对学生们讲

it's a bit like a badly set jelly.

新鲜的人脑就像没做好的果冻

But presumably if you were to cut that

但想切割刚摘除的大脑

you really would have great difficulties.

是件非常困难的事情

Yes, it would just fall to pieces, really.

是的 它会碎成小块

Willis was one of the first to use a new technique,

威利斯将大脑标本浸存在酒精之中

preserving brains in alcohol.

他是这项技术的先驱者之一

This made them firm enough to dissect with great precision.

这提高了大脑的硬度 使解剖更加精准

You ready to cut this?

你准备好了吗

Yes, ready to cut.

是的 可以开始了

Isn't it strange?

很奇怪吧

What's really curious is that

最令人啧啧称奇的是

there's almost no structure or definition to it, is there?

它几乎没什么结构或轮廓

Well, the thing that really catches your eye

最吸引眼球的就是

is the ventricles in the centre,

大脑中心的脑室

which were what everybody was preoccupied with before Willis.

威利斯之前的科学家都将注意力集中于此

And the idea was that this part of the brain

那时的科学家认为脑室的作用

may have acted as a sort of pump,

可能像泵一样 提供动力

and important activities may have gone on in the fluid

而重要的脑活动都是发生在

that was moving around in the ventricles.

环绕脑室流动的脑浆之中

So in a sense all this is just muscle,

他们认为其余部分只是肌肉

and all the thought and the important stuff

而人的思维以及其他重要脑活动

is somehow taking place in these holes over here?

都发生在这些腔室内的吗

Yes, and it was Thomas Willis who realised

没错 而托马斯·威利斯则意识到

that the actual structure of the brain

其实是大脑的实体结构

was what was critically important.

才是至关重要的部分

When Willis looked at animal brains,

威利斯研究动物大脑时得出结论

he concluded our intellect and thoughts

即人类的智慧与思想

must lie in the parts of the brain animals don't possess.

必定存在于动物大脑所缺少的那个部分中

Thomas Willis was very struck

令威利斯感到无比惊讶的是

by the corrugated surface of the human brain

人脑的表面凹凸不平 褶皱颇多

as compared to the smooth surface of the sheep,

而羊脑的表面却光滑平整

and this enables a huge volume of cerebral cortex

褶皱使容量较小的颅骨

to be contained within the relatively small volume of the skull.

得以装下体积如此巨大的大脑皮层组织

- And that's where he thought being human resided? - Yes.

他认为那就是人性根本所在 -是的

You can see there's a ribbon of cortex

我们可以看到带状的大脑皮层

going over the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

遍布大脑半球的表面

- Oh, just there. - Yes, that's right.

看到了 就在这里 -是的

And this cortex was where he realised

他意识到 人类的思想

people were likely to have their thoughts.

很可能就藏于这大脑皮层之中

Willis had established a link

威利斯的这一发现

between the state of the brain and the state of the mind.

将人脑与人类的精神世界联系了起来

He wrote the first book specifically about the brain.

他撰写了第一本关于大脑的书籍

From now on, anatomical studies would become

自那时起 解剖学便成为了

one of the great foundations of a scientific explanation of who we are.

科学家解释"何谓人类"问题的重要基础

Reason was now seen as the pinnacle of human nature.

人们开始将逻辑思维视作人类最大的优势

It had been shaped by philosophical doubt,

确立这一点得益于哲学性的质疑

and detailed dissections of the brain.

和对人脑的细致解剖

Europe entered a new age,

欧洲迈入了新时代

a celebration of the rational mind.

人们开始崇尚理性思维

Faith in reason would underpin the growth of trade

对逻辑思维的重视将加速商贸的发展

and the building of empires.

并促进帝国进一步壮大

In 1837,

1837年

something was causing a stir at London Zoo.

一位外来客在伦敦动物园引起了轰动

Their first orang-utan, Jenny,

这里的游客们见到了

was introduced to an astonished audience.

第一只猩猩 珍妮 令他们惊讶不已

Exotic animals were being brought to Britain

各种来自大英帝国殖民地的珍禽异兽

from across the Empire.

被带回了英国本土

Even Queen Victoria herself came calling.

甚至维多利亚女王也前来拜访

Jenny's arrival would challenge assumptions

而珍妮的到来动摇了

about what makes us human.

何谓人类的原有答案

Right, come this way, Michael,

好的 从这边走 迈克尔

I'll introduce you to Batu,

我来介绍你认识巴图

who should be waiting. There he is.

它应该已在此恭候了 这就是巴图

there he is. Hello. - This is Batu.

就是它了 你好 -这位就是巴图

Wow, he's big.

它的块头可真大

Batu's very big.

巴图长得确实很大

What a beautiful face.

多么漂亮的脸庞啊

Very big and very strong.

又大 又壮

Right. Can I do this?

是的 我能喂喂它吗

Yeah, just be careful with the orange.

可以 不过小心它咬到你

Yeah.

好的

Very delicately done!

动作真利索

He doesn't want to drop it.

它不想让橘子瓣掉在地上

He's even ruder than my kids!

比我家孩子还蛮横无礼啊

That's rude, stop it.

太不礼貌啦 别这样

You could actually see

你其实能够看出来

a wonderfully sort of sullen look on his face.

它的脸上写满了不快之情

Yeah.

是的

That look of "Mm, don't like that".

就是那种"不喜欢这个"的表情

It's a very human expression.

这跟人类的表情很相似

Odd behaviour.

好奇怪的行为

Oh, no, that's terrible!

别这样 你这坏小子

It's wonderful, this is a great sense of independence.

挺好的 这说明它的独立意识很强

Stop it now.

快停下

You've spat at me.

你朝我吐口水

You've played your game.

你耍了这套把戏

What are you going to do next?

接下来你还想干什么呢

Oh, that's smelly!

这味道真难闻

One of the visitors to the zoo was young Charles Darwin.

年轻的查尔斯·达尔文也曾来此参观

But this isn't the familiar story about evolution.

但这不是我们熟知的那个进化论的故事

His visit to the zoo was part of his lesser-known research,

他来这是为了进行一项鲜为人知的研究

fascination with animal emotion.

那就是动物的情感

One day, Darwin saw something that really astonished him.

一天 达尔文目睹了一件令他震惊的事

Jenny was playing with the keeper,

珍妮在与饲养员玩游戏

and the keeper had an apple,

饲养员拿着一只苹果

and the keeper was taunting Jenny

想逗逗珍妮

by waving the apple in front of her

将苹果在它眼前晃来晃去

but not letting her get hold of it.

却总也不让它够到

And in Darwin's words, "The ape threw herself on her back

达尔文写道 "那只猩猩躺倒在地

and cried precisely like a little child."

像小孩子一样伤心地哭了"

Darwin became convinced

达尔文愈发确信

that the expressions of emotion he saw in Jenny

珍妮所表现出的情感

and in humans were the same.

与人类的情感别无二致

His research developed over 30 years.

他的研究持续了超过30载

Tenderness, shame, joy,

关怀 羞耻 愉悦

he saw them all in animals.

这些情感在动物身上都有观察到

Darwin's painstaking work

达尔文苦心孤诣的研究

led to one of his most important books,

造就了他最重要的著作之一

The Expression Of The Emotions In Man And Animals.

《人类和动物情感的表达》

It was greeted with alarm and fascination.

一经问世 便引起了世人的恐慌与追捧

Now this is a really incredible book,

这真是一本不可思议的书

partly because of the illustrations,

部分原由是书中的插图

because this is one of the first books

这是当时首批含有

ever to include photographs.

照片插图的书籍之一

And they feature people,

这些照片记录了人们

people in various states of distress, if you like.

在各种苦痛状态下的精神面貌

Disconsolate, sad, very sad-looking.

忧郁 悲伤 多么悲伤的表情

He examines it in almost microscopic detail.

达尔文对此进行了细致入微的观察

There's a very interesting picture here

这是一张非常有趣的图片

of a woman's forehead,

拍的是一个女人的额头

and he notices these two lines coming up here,

他注意到额头上有两条细纹

which were later called in fact the Darwin grief muscle.

后来被命名为达尔文悲伤肌

What Darwin was undermining in his work

达尔文在这本著作中

was a fundamental belief,

颠覆了人类具有独特性

a belief in human uniqueness.

这一基本信念

By suggesting a close kinship with animals,

达尔文通过揭示人与动物的亲密联系

he'd also opened the lid on the rational mind,

敲开了理性思维的大门

hinting at a dark subterranean world

暗示了人性背后的阴暗世界

of instincts, desires, emotions

充满本能 欲望 和情绪

the animal within.

的动物天性

Here was an irony for Victorian science.

维多利亚时期的科学成果变成了一种讽刺

The power of reason, which made us unique,

让人类变得独一无二的理性力量

had been turned on ourselves,

却将矛头对准了人类自己

and revealed us to be

揭露的事实是

less exalted, less rational, than had been suspected.

我们并非想象中那样高尚 那样理智

A new side of ourselves was being unearthed,

人类内心世界的另一面逐渐被揭示

darker and more dangerous.

更阴暗 更危险的一面

In Paris, doctors began to explore

在巴黎的萨彼里埃医院

this untamed side,

医生们开始着手研究

at La Salpetriere.

人类的野性

This imposing-looking building

这座雄伟的建筑

was originally used to store gunpowder,

本来是用于储藏火药的

but then they decided they could put it to better use,

但人们决定将其另当别用

to lock away thousands of people

成千上万被认为与火药同样危险

who were regarded as just as unstable and dangerous -

同样不稳定的穷人和疯子

the destitute and the insane.

被囚禁于此

It had been Europe's most notorious women's asylum,

这儿曾是欧洲最臭名昭著的妇女收容所

with nothing to offer but cruel imprisonment.

却不提供任何救治 只有残酷的监禁

These are some of the cells where they kept the women,

这里是他们用来囚禁妇女的牢房

and these are the original bars

这就是原始的那些

behind which they were imprisoned.

用来囚禁妇女的栅栏

And there is something terribly poignant

她们在这里的境遇非常悲惨

about the idea of thousands of women chained up,

成千上万的妇女们

in filthy living conditions,

被铐在这肮脏的牢房里

utterly without any prospect of release,

看不到一丝被释放的希望

no hope, no hope at all.

孤立无援 绝望至极

But attitudes were changing.

但社会的态度最终有了转变

After years of revolution,

大革命之后

the asylum had become a place of care

收容所变成了疗养院

rather than simply imprisonment.

不再是单纯的监狱

One of its most famous physicians

这里最著名的医生之一

was Jean-Martin Charcot.

便是让-马丁·沙可

Often the best way to understand the normal

了解正常人最好的方法

is to study the abnormal,

便是研究非正常人

and here there were 5,000 troubled minds to study.

而这里有五千名非正常人可以研究

Charcot was one of the first people

沙可是率先尝试

to try and separate out and categorise

将不同形式的心理和精神疾病

different forms of mental and neurological illness.

分门别类的先驱之一

He took incredibly detailed notes,

他做了非常详尽的笔记

and he also took lots of photographs.

也拍了许多照片

One condition in particular had been puzzling doctors.

有一例病案让医生们百思不得其解

They called it hysteria.

他们称其为歇斯底里症

Patients suffered paralysis,

患此病者饱受瘫痪

seizures, blindness, and violent fits.

中风 失明和剧烈痉挛之苦

Charcot presumed these symptoms

沙可推测这些症状

were caused by a physical disease,

是由一种生理疾病引起的

but then he began to use a remarkable new approach.

他却采用了一种不可思议的新疗法

Five, six...

五 六...

Hypnosis.

催眠疗法

seven...

七

Charcot found he could induce and relieve

沙可发现通过催眠疗法

symptoms of hysteria using hypnosis.

可以诱发或缓解歇斯底里症的症状

And become aware of any feelings of lightness, going up.

你感觉到身体在变轻 慢慢浮起

It could produce extraordinary effects in the body.

催眠可以在体内产生巨大效果

Drifting up and up now,

一直向上飘浮

and the balloon really sort of taking off now

现在气球飞起来了

and bobbing from side to side.

还在空中左右弹动的

OK, can you see the balloon?

你看见气球了吗

I can, it's a big blue balloon.

看见了 是一个大蓝气球

- OK, and it's... - A sort of Winnie the Pooh blue balloon.

好的 它 -一个维尼熊的蓝气球

OK. Well, you get that feeling of the...

好的 你感受到了...

I've tried hypnosis before,

我以前也试过催眠术

but this is the first time it's really worked.

但这是第一次起作用

OK and just notice what's happening there.

留心看那里发生了什么

Over the course of an hour,

在被催眠的一小时中

I mysteriously lost co-ordination of my hand.

我的手不可思议地失去了协调性

And that's even more noticeable in fact,

现在越来越明显

it's becoming really shaky now.

你的手开始抖得厉害

I had my hands stuck together.

我的双手紧握在一起

Knuckles are quite locked.

指关节紧扣在一起

Oh! They are quite locked.

扣的非常紧

And most bizarre at all,

最奇怪的是

one side of my visual field was rendered almost useless.

一只眼睛竟然几近失明了

Seems a bit fainter. - OK.

有些模糊 -好的

And, um, I have a sense of something in there

我感觉那儿有东西

but not really. - OK

但不是很确切 -好的

not really objects. - OK.

摸不到实体 -好的

One, two...

一 二...

That was extremely odd.

真是太奇怪了

It was a bit like I was there but I wasn't there,

我感觉自己似存在又非存在

that he was talking to some other part of me,

他在跟我身体里的另一个人说话

and the other part of me was responding.

另一个我也在回答他

Higher, and higher.

抬高 再抬高

And the idea you can just do it with the power of words...

而你却只能照着他的话行事

quite strange.

简直太诡异了

Charcot's observations of hysteria led him towards

沙可对对歇斯底里症病人的观察

a radical conclusion.

使他得出一个结论

If symptoms could be induced or relieved by hypnosis,

如果可以通过催眠疗法来诱发或缓解症状

then perhaps they were not signs of

那么其诱因或许不是

some pathological disease.

某种疾病

Perhaps they were caused by emotions,

而是某些情感

that the patients themselves

连患者自己

were not even aware they were feeling.

都没有意识到这些情感的存在

Charcot never fully grasped what he was dealing with,

沙可当时并未完全理解自己的发现

what we would now call the unconscious mind.

这就是如今人们所熟知的潜意识

In amongst the crowds at one of Charcot's famous demonstrations

在沙可的一场著名演示会的听众之中

was a young Austrian doctor,

坐着一位年轻的奥地利医生

Sigmund Freud,

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德

a man who would famously use

他有效地运用了

the study of hidden emotions and repressed urges

隐藏情感和受压抑欲望的研究成果

to develop this extraordinary concept

提出了潜意识这一伟大概念

of the unconscious mind.

因此闻名于世

Freud's ideas would become a significant cultural influence

弗洛伊德的理论将对整个20世纪的文化

on the 20th century.

产生巨大影响

They would join a rising tide of other ideas

他的理论将同其它兴起的理论一起

that would form a wholly new approach to who we are -

构建出人类研究自我的新途径

psychology.

心理学

A less than rational self had been revealed,

人类通过研究远道而来的动物

by animals brought back from distant lands,

以及转变对精神疾病的态度

by changing attitudes to mental illness,

而发现了人性缺乏理性的一面

and a new door into the unconscious mind.

并开创了研究潜意识这个新领域

We could no longer see ourselves

人类已无法再视自己为

simply as creatures of reason.

单纯的理性生物了

By the end of the 19th century,

19世纪末期

Europe was in the throes

欧洲经历了一场

of a bold new age of communication.

通讯新时代的痛苦洗礼

Thousands of miles of new railway

新铺设的万里铁路

linked the continent's great cities.

连接着欧洲大陆的各大城市

Telegraph cables joined people across the globe.

电报电缆将全世界可以紧密联系

This interconnected world

这个互联世界

led to a different way of looking at how the brain works.

改变了人们对大脑运作方式的看法

This new technology, naturally enough,

这项新技术的出现自然而然地

inspired new metaphors to describe the nervous system.

激发了人们对神经系统的新见解

For example, if I pinch my finger,

比方说 如果我掐一下手指

then the pain fibres go down the line,

疼痛神经沿着身体脉络

up into my spinal cord and from there to the brain.

到达我的脊髓然后将信号传递给大脑

The thing is, what happens next?

问题是 接下来怎样了呢

Well, everyone knew there were complicated signal boxes

世人皆知大脑有各种信号塔和连接枢纽

and junctions up there,

如铁路般复杂

but nobody knew just how they worked.

却无人知晓它们如何运作

The Spanish countryside,

西班牙的乡村里

home to a scientist I deeply admire.

曾住着一位我景仰的科学家

He had a passion for art

他对艺术充满激情

that would shape his future career as a neuroscientist.

却最终使他成为了一位神经学家

His name was Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

他就是圣地亚哥·拉蒙-卡哈尔

When he was a young man, Cajal was obsessed by art.

卡哈尔还年轻时就对艺术深深着迷

As he later wrote,

正如他之后所写道

I was gripped by an irresistible mania.

我陷入了不可抗拒的狂热之中

I painted everything that captivated my sight-

用画笔绘出一切吸引注意力的事物

earth, foliage, plants, the human form".

土壤 叶子 植物 人体"

He was actually extremely good

事实上他非常擅长

at putting down on paper what he saw.

用画笔描绘出眼中之物

Cajal's passion for art

卡哈尔不仅对艺术着迷

was coupled with a fascination for a new technology

也痴迷于一项新技术

photography.

那就是摄影

This is the sort of camera that Cajal would have used.

这就是卡哈尔时期的照相机

I've got it lined up on the mountains now.

我已将它对准了对面的山

I've got a photographic plate in here,

我已放入一张摄影底片

which is basically a bit of glass

实际上就是一块玻璃

with some photosensitive chemicals on.

上面有些感光的化学物质

And then you lift this.

然后把这个抬起来

And you trigger the shutter.

按一下快门

It should take about 20 seconds.

大约要等20秒

When that's done, this goes down,

拍完之后 把它放下来

and the glass plate you take away with you

然后取出底片

off to the mysteries of the darkroom.

带入神秘的暗房冲洗

It was his twin passions, art and photography,

正是这种对绘画和摄影的痴迷

that would shape his most important discovery-

成就了他人生中最重要的一项发现

what it is that makes the brain work.

人脑的运作机制

To see, observe, and make things visible

看见 观察 使事物可视化

is one of the great challenges of science.

是科学所面对的巨大挑战之一

The challenge for neuroscientists

而了解大脑的细微结构

was uncovering the fine structure of the brain.

正是神经学家所面临的挑战

The task Cajal set himself

卡哈尔给自己布置了任务

was to reveal the communication networks

他想揭示人类大脑中的

that exist inside our heads.

通讯网络

I've come to the Cajal Institute to see how he did it.

我来到卡哈尔研究所了解他的研究过程

I always feel like I'm getting into surgery again.

感觉像是我又要动手术了

Great. So...mouse? - Yeah, take the brain.

小白鼠吗 -是的 夹起大脑

My first job is to chop up a rather slippery mouse brain.

第一项任务是切开极其光滑的小白鼠大脑

Very small. Hey!

非常小

It's trickier than it looks.

比看上去复杂多了

There we go.

夹出来了

- Feels like cutting onions. -Yes!

像是在切洋葱 -是的

I'm good at cutting onions.

我切洋葱很拿手的

The search was on for a stain

这个研究的目的是

that would make the mysterious structure

将大脑的神秘组织染上色

of the brain visible under the microscope.

从而能在显微镜下观察到

Cajal was shown a technique using chemicals from the darkroom,

卡哈尔借助暗房中常用的化学试剂

chemicals that could make brain tissue turn black.

这些化学试剂可以使大脑组织变成黑色

You can see it's a really complicated process,

这是一个非常复杂的过程

lots of different stages.

有许多不同的步骤

Cajal spent nearly 20 years fiddling away,

卡哈尔摸索了近二十年时间

doing minor adjustments, just seeking perfection.

做滴细微的调整 只为寻求完美

The great debate was

最大的争论是

whether the brain was just a mesh of fibres,

大脑究竟只是一个神经纤维网络

or made of distinct individual units.

还是由不同独立的单元构成

Placing stained tissue under the microscope,

用显微镜观察了染色的组织之后

Cajal became convinced

卡哈尔得以确认

that there were individual building blocks in the brain -

大脑有独立的结构模块

neurons.

这就是神经元

Now, that is absolutely beautiful.

真是太美了

That is a neuron.

这就是一个神经元

That is what they were looking for.

也就是他们在寻找的东西

Now, the signal goes up here into the cell body,

信号从这里传入到细胞体内

and then somehow gets distributed

通过某种方式

by thousands of axons and dendrites,

经由成千上万条

which link in with all the other neurons in the brain.

与其他脑神经元相连的轴突和树突传递出去

Now, only about 1 in 40 of the neurons actually get stained,

大约每40个神经元中只有1个能成功上色

and that might sound like a bad thing,

听起来像是很糟糕的事情

but it's actually an incredibly good thing

但其实这样效果更佳

because if all the neurons here were stained,

因为如果全部神经元都被染色

then this would be a confusing mess.

看起来只会一片混乱

You wouldn't be able to make any sense at all.

就完全看不清任何结构了

But because it's just 1 in 40,

而正由于比例是1:40

you can pick them out.

恰好可以看得很清晰

You can see Cajal's artistic influence here,

从这些画中不难看出卡哈尔的艺术修养

beautiful drawings of neurons.

美丽的神经元绘画

He mapped out groups of neurons,

他勾画出了成组的神经元

and theorised how they might work,

并推断了其工作机制

that nerve impulses travel along them in one direction,

他认为神经脉冲沿着它们单向传导

passing from one cell to the next.

从一个细胞传递到下一个细胞

Many years later, his theories would be confirmed.

多年之后他的理论得到了证实

Cajal realised that these neurons

卡哈尔意识到神经元

are the basic units of the human brain.

乃是人类大脑的基本组件

We now know there are at least a hundred billion of them,

如今我们知道人脑至少含有千亿个神经元

and all these connecting branches,

而连接神经元之间的细胞突

well, there are trillions of connections.

数量达到上万亿个

And somewhere in here, emotion and thought are born.

情感和思维就是源于这里某块区域

Somewhere in here is the answer to what makes a human.

而何谓人类这个问题的答案也蕴藏于此

Half a century later, the world descended into chaos.

半个世纪后 整个世界陷入了混乱

Out of the turmoil of World War II came a secret invention,

在二战的动荡之中 一个秘密的发明

built here at Bletchley Park in rural England.

在英格兰乡村的布莱切利园诞生了

Colossus

巨像计算机

the most complex machine that had yet been built.

当时算得上是史上最为复杂的机器

Designed to crack enemy codes,

它是为破解敌军通讯密码而设计的

it would also shed light on the question of who we are.

却也为何谓人类这个问题提供了思考方向

What was truly astonishing about Colossus

巨像计算机最为惊人之处

was the speed at which it could work.

是它的运作速度

Enemy messages which had previously taken

原本需要多个密码破译专家组

teams of human code-breakers six weeks to crack

花费六个星期才能破译的敌军情报

could now be done by the machine in six hours.

巨像只需用六个小时就可以完成

It must have seemed truly superhuman.

真就像个超人一般

Here was a machine doing something that till now

这部机器能够做到

only the intelligent human mind could do,

过去只能由拥有智力的人类所做的事情

but much faster.

而且更加迅速

Once again, the technology of the day

当代科技又一次地

offered a model for how the brain might work.

向我们提供了一个人脑的运作模式

When you think about it, it's a bit like a primitive brain,

仔细想想 它有点像个简单的人脑

with the valves representing the neurons

真空管代表神经元

and the wiring representing the connecting axons and dendrites.

线路代表起连接作用的轴突和树突

People had begun to theorise that Cajal's neurons

人们开始推测卡哈尔的神经元

worked a bit like electronic switches.

的运作原理与电子开关有些相似

If intelligence could be replicated

如果智力可以被

by the on-off switching of a machine,

机器的切换开关所复制

perhaps the reasoning mind

或许理性思维

wasn't as uniquely human as we thought.

并非我们所想的那样人类独有

One of the biggest human brains at Bletchley

布莱切利园中最伟大的智者之一

was Alan Turing,

就是阿兰·图林

often called the father of modern computing.

常被称为现代计算之父

In 1950, he thought of an ingenious way

他在1950年时想出了一个妙招

of judging whether computers show some form of intelligence,

来检测计算机是否拥有人类般的智力

by devising a test.

他设计了一个测试

The Turing Test is actually more of a Turing question.

图灵测试实际上更像是一个"图灵问题"

The question he asked himself was,

他向自己提出这样一个问题

would it be possible to build a computer that was so intelligent

能否设计出一台足够智能的计算机

and so good at having chats with humans

可擅长同人类进行交谈

that you could be chatting to the machine

当你与其对话时

and not be aware that

根本无法察觉

you're not actually talking to another person?

你是在和机器交谈 而非另一个人类

Well, he suggested that by the year 2000,

他预言到二零零零年时

we would have cracked the problem.

人类将可以攻克这个问题

We are well beyond that point.

现在早已过了他所预言的时间

Let's see.

我们来测试一下

Right, "What is your name?"

你叫什么名字

You don't remember? No, I don't remember.

你不记得了吗 我的确不记得

I'm plugged into one of the more sophisticated programs,

我正在操作一个非常复杂的程序

designed to respond to Turing's challenge.

为了回应图灵挑战而设计的程序

OK, let's try some general knowledge.

试试问一些常识性的问题

I mean, computers should be able to do general knowledge.

计算机应该可以掌握常识性知识

It doesn't ever seem to really answer the question.

回答似乎有点文不对题

Anyway, this is garbage.

好吧 问得也有些无聊

Let's try a different tack.

换些不一样的问题

Favourite films?

最喜欢的电影

Transformers 2.

变形金刚2

Maybe that is some sort of computer joke.

难道它在和我开玩笑吗

I can't believe anybody liked Transformers 2.

真不敢相信有人会喜欢变形金刚2

What films make you cry?

什么电影会令你动情哭泣

Science fiction and comedy. What do you like?

科幻小说和喜剧 你喜欢什么

Right. It's not very impressive.

这无法令人刮目相看

I'm not enjoying myself.

感觉没那么有意思

I'm not having a great conversation here.

聊天进行得不是很愉快

I think what you can learn from this is

从中我们可以得出的结论是

that computers are good at computing,

计算机擅长运算

basically, crunching numbers and things like that.

处理数据等类似的工作

What they clearly lack is the thing that

但是它们显然不具备

really gives any form of human interchange,

人类之间互动所必备的东西

any worth, any value

比如价值 价值观

feelings like humour, warmth, love, affection,

幽默 温情 爱恋 喜爱等感情

any of the things that we actually value.

计算机不具备人类珍视的东西

Perhaps too much to expect from a machine.

也许不该过于强求一台机器了

Bye bye. - Goodbye. Goodbye.

再见 -再见了

For centuries,

几个世纪以来

technology has provided metaphors to explain who we are.

科技的发展有助于我们解答何谓人类

The computer is simply the latest we have seized on.

计算机只是最近一项我们所倚靠的技术

But its failings reveal that what makes us human

它的不足表明人之所以为人的原因

lies in something a machine cannot do.

掩藏在机器所不能的事情之中

We are passionate, irrational creatures,

我们是热情澎湃 没有理性的动物

often driven by forces we do not understand.

经常被不可言喻的力量所驱使

At the turn of the 20th century,

二十世纪初

a great nation was coming of age.

一个伟大的国家崛起了

The United States.

美利坚合众国

The land of the free, personal rights and liberties.

一片拥护个人权利与自由的国土

This was the perfect home for the thriving discipline

在这里诞生了一门蒸蒸日上

that focused on ourselves as individuals -

专注研究我们每一个独立个体的学科

psychology.

心理学

Psychology, as the name implies,

心理学 正如其名所示

originally started out as the study of the psyche, or mind.

始于对心理 也就是心智的研究

The idea was, you could look into yourself, introspect,

其研究思路是通过发现自我与反省

and learn about human nature that way.

来了解人类本性

However, here in America,

然而 美国的一组心理学家

a small group of psychologists soon decided

认为这种研究方式

that was nowhere near rigorous or vigorous enough.

完全不够严谨 不够有力

They wanted to turn psychology into a science,

他们想将心理学转变成一门科学

so they decided to focus on something

于是他们决定将研究重点放在

they really could measure and manipulate

可以真正测量并控制的东西上

behaviour.

行为

This approach, called behaviourism,

这种被称为行为主义的方法

was transformed into a systematic science

被二十世纪最具争议的先驱之一

by one of the 20th century's most controversial pioneers.

改造成为一门系统性的科学学科

His name was BF Skinner.

他就是伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳

Skinner was convinced that our behaviour

斯金纳确信我们的行为

is the product of our environment,

是我们周身环境的产物

learnt from our experiences.

与我们自身经历密切相关

Since Skinner thought that environment was all-important,

既然斯金纳认为环境是最为重要的因素

I thought it would be quite interesting

我想 参观一下他工作的地方

to have a look at where he worked.

将会非常有趣

This is his study. Isn't it wonderful?

这里就是他的工作室 真是妙极了

This is completely unchanged

房间布局从未改变过

from when he died, over 20 years ago.

跟他二十几年前去世之时一模一样

He liked music, so he had this adapted

他喜爱音乐 所以自己改装了这个

so that he could just pull that,

只需拉动一下

and play his music.

就可以播放音乐了

This is a man who likes to tinker and adjust things.

他很喜欢拆卸并改装东西

This is the bed in which he used to sleep.

这是他当年休息的床铺

It is absolutely filled with his paraphernalia.

里面装满了他的各种装备

It was his passion for gadgets,

正是他对小装置

for things that he could adapt and change,

对可以调整改装小物件的热情

that led him to his greatest invention,

促成他完成了最重大的发明

a device which is as iconic to behaviourists

一个行为主义学家必不可少的设备

as the telescope is to astronomers -

如同天文学家的望远镜一般

the operant conditioning chamber, or Skinner's box.

操作性条件反射室 亦叫做斯金纳箱

Skinner's experiments would reveal something surprising,

斯金纳的实验展示了关于人类的

and very disturbing, about the human condition.

非常惊奇 令人困惑的发现

This is an operant chamber.

这就是一个操作性条件反射室

Otherwise known as a Skinner box.

也被称为斯金纳箱

It's a Skinner box. Many people in my field...

这是斯金纳箱 这个研究领域中的许多人

Dr Robert Allan uses similar methods

罗伯特·艾伦博士将采用

to those Skinner used.

与斯金纳类似的实验方法

Here's an area where the pigeon stands.

鸽子将站在这个区域里

There're response keys...

这里有回应键

The pigeon has to peck on these buttons.

鸽子需要啄这些按钮

If it pecks them in the right order, it gets a reward.

按照正确的顺序啄 它就会获得奖励

So what are you going to do

那么你今天打算

to impress me with the pigeon today?

如何用鸽子让我大开眼界

I'll show you. Let's go get a pigeon.

我做给你看 先弄只鸽子来

Who's this?

这是哪位啊

This is G21.

这是G21

G21? I don't think of pigeons as being smart, I must admit.

G21 说实话 我不觉得鸽子聪明

They're very smart.

它们其实真的很聪明

is he going to demonstrate just how smart? - Indeed.

它会展现它的聪明才智吗 -没错

In you go, G21.

看你的了 G21

- Ooh. Is he hungry? - It looks like!

它是不是饿了啊 -看起来是

The pigeon has to work out whether the centre light

鸽子需弄清楚中间亮得时间更长的灯

shines red or green for longest.

是红色还是绿色

If it's green, it has to peck the button on the right.

如果是绿色 它就要啄右边的钮

Oh, he's smart.

它很聪明啊

Long green means go right.

绿灯亮得长要去右边

OK. So will he go right?

那它会去啄右边吗

Yes, he will.

它会的

You're confident in your bird, aren't you?

你对你的鸽子很有信心啊

I am very confident.

我非常有信心

Ah!Very good. - there you go.

干的好 -看到了吧

If it was red that was longest, he has to go the other way.

如果红灯亮得长 它就要去啄另一边

Now he has to go left.

这次它应该啄左边了

OK. Watch.

仔细看

Yes, he's done it.

是的 它做到了

He's very good, I have to say.

我不得不承认 它真的很厉害

I'm good at predicting behaviour.

我很擅长预测它的行为

Well done, G21. Go, boy, go.

干得漂亮 G21 加油啊

What these experiments showed was how easily

这些实验证明了

behaviour could be learned, even manipulated.

行为极其易学 甚至被操纵

I was about to see how quickly this can happen.

我将见证这一过程到底有多快

We are going to shape the turning response

我们将通过发放强化物

by delivering reinforcers for his approximate behaviour.

渐进地塑造出鸽子的旋转反应

You're going to make him sort of turn in a circle, are you?

你想让他转圈 是吧

That's correct. That's better said!

没错 这样说更直白

Each time the pigeon turns left,

每次鸽子向左转

Dr. Allan delivers food to reinforce that behaviour.

艾伦博士都会奖励食物来强化这个行为

Until after just 20 minutes,

仅仅20分钟后

he has the pigeon dancing round in circles.

他就能让鸽子转着圈跳舞了

Pigeons and birdseed may not look controversial,

运用鸽子和鸟食做实验并无大碍

but what was so shocking at the time

但斯金纳把这一理论应用到了人身上

was that Skinner applied his ideas to human behaviour.

这在当时引起了轩然大波

What Skinner was saying

斯金纳说

is that we are in many ways like pigeons -

我们在很多方面与鸽子都相像

that we are the product of the numerous interactions we have with our environment,

我们是自身与自然多重相互作用下的结果

whether it's falling in love, the job, the friends you make,

我们的恋爱 工作 和朋友

all these things which appear to be decisions are actually

所有这些貌似主观的决定其实都是

the product of things that have happened to us in the past.

曾经发生过的事情的产物

We can no more exercise free will

我们所能行使的自由意志并不多过

than this pigeon can decide whether to peck,

这只鸽子所能做出的啄食

or indeed, turn in a circle.

还是转圈的决定

Skinner was convinced his discovery could be used to benefit mankind.

斯金纳确信他的发现能惠及全人类

We could change people's behavior for the better

我们可以通过改变他们身处的环境

by changing their environment.

从而改善人们的行为

But in the context of the Cold War,

但在冷战的大背景下

the ability to control behaviour left some people fearful it could be misused,

人们害怕控制行为的能力会遭到滥用

because in Skinner's view,

因为在斯金纳看来

free will was nothing but an illusion.

自由意志不过是一种幻觉

Now, most of us believe that being able to make choices

现在 大多数人相信有选择的权力

is an important part of being human,

是作为人类的一个重要因素

but here was Skinner saying that that was an illusion,

但斯金纳却说这是幻觉

that actually it was a piece of pre-scientific nonsense,

是没有科学依据的谬论

akin to believing in a flat Earth or demonic possession.

这等同于相信地球是平的或者恶魔附体

You can imagine how popular that message was

可以想象这一理论在崇尚自由

in the land of the free and the rugged individual.

与个人主义的地方是多么不受欢迎

Behaviourism was soon joined by other approaches,

从20世纪60年代起

through the 1960s and beyond.

其他研究领域也开始蓬勃发展

There were new drugs, therapies, personality tests,

例如新型药物 疗法 性格测试

new ways to measure our thoughts, memories and emotions.

以及评估思想 记忆 情感的新方法

Psychology has grown into a vast science,

心理学已发展成一门非常全面的科学

as diverse and multi-faceted as we are.

就像人类自身一样多样化多面性

So, who are we?

那么 何谓人类呢

Well, we are the product of our genes and our environment.

我们是基因和环境的产物

Billions of neurochemical reactions

我们生活中的每一秒

firing every single second of our lives.

都会产生十几亿个神经化学反应

In us, reason and emotion are frequently at war.

我们的理智和情感时常会发生冲突

Thoughts, passions, memories and behaviour

思想 热情 记忆和行为

emerge unbidden out of the depths.

从我们的内心深处自然浮现

Brain scans reveal many parts of the brain

脑部扫描显示 在我们的意识觉知之外

operating outside our conscious awareness.

大脑的许多不同部位仍运作着

We are the product of numerous daily interactions,

我们是无数日常互动的产物

and the quest to understand the essence of who we are

在对于人何以为人的探索之中

has revealed something fascinating

我们揭示了发生在自身头脑中

going on inside our heads,

的一些奇妙现象

something none of us are ever aware of.

和一些我们从未意识到的东西

I can show you what I mean with a famous visual illusion.

我可以借用一个著名的视觉幻象来解释

It's called the Ames room.

这名叫艾姆斯小屋

That is so bizarre!

这实在是太奇怪了

Clearly, what I'm seeing is...

很明显 我看到的是

I'm seeing a very, very tall person over there

我看到这边有一个很高的人

and a short person over there,

那边有一个很矮的人

and when they swap over,

当他们交换位置的那一刻

there's a moment when my brain just goes clunk.

我的脑袋好像突然卡住了

I absolutely know this is an illusion,

我当然知道这是幻觉

but my brain just won't let me see through the illusion.

但我的大脑就是无法让我看穿

So how's it done?

这是怎么做到的呢

Well, if you come over this way,

到这里来看

it's really obvious.

其实就很明显了

Hi, there. Thank you.

你们好 谢谢

OK, so essentially,

事实上

the room really dips downhill.

屋子里有一个向下的斜坡

Lots of space above my head.

我头顶上有很大空间

There is a sharply sloping floor.

地面严重倾斜

As I march up, the room begins to narrow

当我往上走的时候 屋子开始变小

until I'm really crunched into the corner.

直到我被挤到这个角落里

There's very little space between the ground and the top here,

地面和顶部之间的空间非常狭小

and that's how the illusion is created.

而幻觉也由此产生

Essentially, the room is a trapezoid.

事实上 这房间是个梯形

The Ames room shows us something very important

艾姆斯小屋展示了一个关于

about how the brain is working.

大脑运作的重要问题

There's part of my brain which knows the rules of a room.

我大脑有一部分了解房间应有的构造

It has assumptions, models built in there,

于是有了假设 脑中呈现了一个模型

and it knows, based on experience,

通过过往经历 大脑知道

that normally in rooms, the ceiling and the floor is parallel,

正常情况下 天花板和地面应是平行的

and that the walls are at a right angle.

墙和地面应形成直角

From one particular viewpoint,

站在一个特定的角度上看

the room looks like it fits that mental model,

这个房间符合这一假想模型

and the brain has such a powerful belief

而大脑对此信念非常坚定不移

that this quirky-shaped room is normal

它坚信这个奇形怪状的房间是正常的

that people appear to have changed size.

而是屋子里的人改变了大小

This illusion reveals something fundamental

这个幻象揭示了

about how the brain works.

大脑运作的基本方式

Our perception of reality

我们对于现实的认知

is not just based on what is out there,

并非仅基于现实事物

but it is also partially constructed.

还有一部分是虚拟构造的

We have these models running in our head,

我们脑中常有一些固定模型

and they are constantly being tested

它们需时常与来自

against the evidence of our senses.

我们感官的证据进行抗衡

This process of building models in our heads

在脑中构建模型的进程

is happening from the moment we are born.

从我们出世那刻就开始运行

This child is using her senses to find out about the world.

这孩子正用她的感官探索世界

Is that person in the mirror another baby, or is it me?

镜子里的人是另一个小孩还是我

Why does that thing make a noise when I shake it?

为什么我一摇这东西就有声音

What she's doing is constantly learning

她正通过尝试周围的事物

by testing everything around her.

在不断地学习

Thousands of little experiments like these

成千上外个像这样的小实验

will create her unconscious assumptions.

将创造出她潜意识中的假想设定

They'll build the models that shape her view of the world.

将创建出塑造她世界观的模型

That's how she will be able to make her way through life.

而她今后都将依靠它们生存

It is very charming when you think that in a way,

某种程度这相当有趣

what she's doing now is acting rather like a mini-scientist.

她现在就像一名小科学家在做实验

She's investigating the world,

她在研究世界

she's forming her theories, her hypotheses,

构建理论 提出假设

and she's testing them against reality.

并将它们在现实里验证

And that, in a sense, is what science is,

某种程度上来说 这就是科学

and it's going on inside each and every one of us

从我们出生那一刻开始

from the moment we're born.

就一直发生在每个人身上

Is that right, Chloe? Is that right?

对不对啊 克洛伊 是不是这样

It is.

确实如此

In this programme, we've seen that

在这一集中 我们了解到

humans are creatures of both rational thought,

人类是同时拥有理性思考

and emotional turmoil.

和情感波动的动物

And in this series, I've shown how science too

整个系列片也展现了

has been shaped by reason and emotion,

科学是如何被理智与情感

as well as by the tumult of the world in which it operates.

以及这个世界的动荡历史所塑造

Its intellectual achievements have transformed our lives.

它的智慧成果改变了我们的生活

But it hasn't been straightforward.

但它并非一帆风顺

The story of science is a messy one,

科学的故事是迂回曲折的

wrapped up in politics, belief, money and rivalry,

涉及到政治 信仰 金钱和竞争

proof forever shaped by power and passion.

证据总是被权力和热情所影响

Science is a very human activity,

科学是一个很人性化的活动

something we unconsciously do every day -

我们每天都无意识地参与其中

observing the world, building mental models,

我们观察世界 在头脑中建立模型

and testing them.

并验证它们

But it's when we deliberately started

但当我们开始刻意使用

using the scientific method

这些科学方法时

that we went way beyond our individual capabilities.

我们远远超越了个人能力

I think science is the greatest collective endeavour

我认为科学是人类所作出

that mankind has ever undertaken.

最伟大的集体性探索

Over the last few thousand years,

在过去的几千年里

the human brain has not changed at all.

人类大脑的结构并未改变

Evolution does not go that fast.

进化绝没有这么快的速度

But what has changed is our understanding of the world.

但人类对于世界的认知却有了极大的改变

We don't have to rely simply

我们不需要仅仅依靠

on the wisdom of our own brains.

自己大脑的智慧

We have language, we have literature,

我们还拥有语言 文学

and now we have computers, and that links us all together.

现在又有了电脑 这些将我们联结在一起

That gives us, if you like,

换句话说 也传递给我们

the wisdom of all those who have gone before.

所有前人的智慧