今天给大家分享一篇C语言编码规范，可以从源头上规避掉很多bug，希望能对大家有所帮助。
编写代码时最重要的一条规则是：检查周围的代码并尝试模仿它。
作为维护人员，如果收到的补丁明显与周围代码的编码风格不同，这是令人沮丧的。这是不尊重人的，就像某人穿着泥泞的鞋子走进一间一尘不染的房子。
因此，无论本文推荐的是什么，如果已经编写了代码并且您正在对其进行修补，请保持其当前的样式一致，即使它不是您最喜欢的样式。
这里列出了最明显和最重要的一般规则。在你继续阅读其他章节之前，请仔细检查它们：
int32_t a = sum(4, 3); /* OK */ int32_t a = sum (4, 3); /* Wrong */
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { /* OK */
}
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i){ /* Wrong */
}
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) /* Wrong */
{
}
int32_t a; a = 3 + 4; /* OK */ for (a = 0; a < 5; ++a) /* OK */ a=3+4; /* Wrong */ a = 3+4; /* Wrong */ for (a=0;a<5;++a) /* Wrong */
func_name(5, 4); /* OK */ func_name(4,3); /* Wrong */
static int32_t a; /* OK */
static int32_t b = 4; /* OK */
static int32_t a = 0; /* Wrong */
void my_func(void) {
static int32_t* ptr;/* OK */
static char abc = 0;/* Wrong */
}
void my_func(void) {
char a; /* OK */
char b; /* Wrong, variable with char type already exists */
char a, b; /* OK */
}
i. 自定义结构和枚举
ii. 整数类型，更宽的无符号类型优先
iii. 单/双浮点
int my_func(void) {
/* 1 */
my_struct_t my; /* First custom structures */
my_struct_ptr_t* p; /* Pointers too */
/* 2 */
uint32_t a;
int32_t b;
uint16_t c;
int16_t g;
char h;
/* ... */
/* 3 */
double d;
float f;
}
/* OK */
for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
/* OK, if you need counter variable later */
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
if (...) {
break;
}
}
if (i * 10) {
}
/* Wrong */
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) ...
void a(void) {
/* Avoid function calls when declaring variable */
int32_t a, b = sum(1, 2);
/* Use this */
int32_t a, b;
b = sum(1, 2);
/* This is ok */
uint8_t a = 3, b = 4;
}
例如，8位的uint8_t等。
/* OK */ uint8_t status; status = 0; /* Wrong */ #include <stdbool.h> bool status = true;
例如，使用if(check_func()){…}替换if (check_func() == 1)
void* ptr;
/* ... */
/* OK, compare against NULL */
if (ptr * NULL || ptr != NULL) {
}
/* Wrong */
if (ptr || !ptr) {
}
int32_t a = 0;
...
a++; /* Wrong */
++a; /* OK */
for (size_t j = 0; j < 10; ++j) {} /* OK */
/* When d could be modified, data pointed to by d could not be modified */
void
my_func(const void* d) {
}
/* When d and data pointed to by d both could not be modified */
void
my_func(const void* const d) {
}
/* Not required, it is advised */
void
my_func(const size_t len) {
}
/* When d should not be modified inside function, only data pointed to by d could be modified */
void
my_func(void* const d) {
}
/*
* To send data, function should not modify memory pointed to by `data` variable
* thus `const` keyword is important
*
* To send generic data (or to write them to file)
* any type may be passed for data,
* thus use `void *`
*/
/* OK example */
void send_data(const void* data, size_t len) { /* OK */
/* Do not cast `void *` or `const void *` */
const uint8_t* d = data;/* Function handles proper type for internal usage */
}
void send_data(const void* data, int len) { /* Wrong, not not use int */
}
使用动态内存分配代替标准C malloc和自由函数，或者如果库/项目提供了自定义内存分配，使用它的实现看看LwMEM，一个自定义内存管理库。
/* OK */
#include <stdlib.h>
void my_func(size_t size) {
int32_t* arr;
arr = malloc(sizeof(*arr) * n); /* OK, Allocate memory */
arr = malloc(sizeof *arr * n); /* Wrong, brackets for sizeof operator are missing */
if (arr * NULL) {
/* FAIL, no memory */
}
free(arr); /* Free memory after usage */
}
/* Wrong */
void
my_func(size_t size) {
int32_t arr[size]; /* Wrong, do not use VLA */
}
size_t length = 5; /* Counter variable */ uint8_t is_ok = 0; /* Boolean-treated variable */ if (length) /* Wrong, length is not treated as boolean */ if (length > 0) /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */ if (length == 0) /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */ if (is_ok) /* OK, variable is treated as boolean */ if (!is_ok) /* OK, -||- */ if (is_ok == 1) /* Wrong, never compare boolean variable against 1! */ if (is_ok == 0) /* Wrong, use ! for negative check */
例如，# include < stdlib.h >
例如，# include“my_library.h”
例如。uint8_t* t = (uint8_t*)var_width_diff_type
/* * This is multi-line comments, * written in 2 lines (ok) */ /** * Wrong, use double-asterisk only for doxygen documentation */ /* * Single line comment without space before asterisk (wrong) */ /* * Single line comment in multi-line configuration (wrong) */ /* Single line comment (ok) */
如果语句大于12个缩进，将注释4-空格对齐(下面的例子)到下一个可用缩进。
void my_func(void) {
char a, b;
a = call_func_returning_char_a(a); /* This is comment with 12*4 spaces indent from beginning of line */
b = call_func_returning_char_a_but_func_name_is_very_long(a); /* This is comment, aligned to 4-spaces indent */
}
/* OK */ void my_func(void); void myfunc(void); /* Wrong */ void MYFunc(void); void myFunc();
/* OK */ const char* my_func(void); my_struct_t* my_func(int32_t a, int32_t b); /* Wrong */ const char *my_func(void); my_struct_t * my_func(void);
/* OK, function names aligned */ void set(int32_t a); my_type_t get(void); my_ptr_t* get_ptr(void); /* Wrong */ void set(int32_t a); const char * get(void);
/* OK */
int32_t
foo(void) {
return 0;
}
/* OK */
static const char*
get_string(void) {
return "Hello world!\r\n";
}
/* Wrong */
int32_t foo(void) {
return 0;
}
/* OK */ int32_t a; int32_t my_var; int32_t myvar; /* Wrong */ int32_t A; int32_t myVar; int32_t MYVar;
void foo(void) {
int32_t a, b; /* OK */
char a;
char b; /* Wrong, char type already exists */
}
void foo(void) {
int32_t a;
a = bar();
int32_t b; /* Wrong, there is already executable statement */
}
int32_t a, b;
a = foo();
if (a) {
int32_t c, d; /* OK, c and d are in if-statement scope */
c = foo();
int32_t e; /* Wrong, there was already executable statement inside block */
}
/* OK */ char* a; /* Wrong */ char *a; char * a;
/* OK */ char *p, *n;
6.6.1 当结构体仅用名称声明时，它的名称后不能包含_t后缀。
struct struct_name {
char* a;
char b;
};
6.6.2 当只使用typedef声明结构时，它的名称后面必须包含_t后缀。
typedef struct {
char* a;
char b;
} struct_name_t;
6.6.3 当结构用name和typedef声明时，它不能包含t作为基本名称，它必须在它的名称后面包含t后缀作为typedef部分。
typedef struct struct_name {
char* a;
char b;
char c;
} struct_name_t;
错误声明的例子及其建议的纠正：
/* a and b must be separated to 2 lines */
/* Name of structure with typedef must include _t suffix */
typedef struct {
int32_t a, b;
} a;
/* Corrected version */
typedef struct {
int32_t a;
int32_t b;
} a_t;
/* Wrong name, it must not include _t suffix */
struct name_t {
int32_t a;
int32_t b;
};
/* Wrong parameters, must be all uppercase */
typedef enum {
MY_ENUM_TESTA,
my_enum_testb,
} my_enum_t;
/* OK */
a_t a = {
.a = 4,
.b = 5,
};
/* Wrong */
a_t a = {1, 2};
/* Function accepts 2 parameters and returns uint8_t */ /* Name of typedef has `_fn` suffix */ typedef uint8_t (*my_func_typedef_fn)(uint8_t p1, const char* p2);
/* OK */
if (c) {
do_a();
} else {
do_b();
}
/* Wrong */
if (c)
do_a();
else
do_b();
/* Wrong */
if (c) do_a();
else do_b();
/* OK */
if (a) {
} else if (b) {
} else {
}
/* Wrong */
if (a) {
}
(else {
}
/* Wrong */
if (a) {
}
else
{
}
/* OK */
(do {
int32_t a;
a = do_a();
do_b(a);
} while (check());
/* Wrong */
do
{
/* ... */
} while (check());
/* Wrong */
(do {
/* ... */
}
while (check());
if (a) {
do_a();
} else {
do_b();
if (c) {
do_c();
}
}
不要做没有花括号的复合语句，即使是单个语句。下面的例子展示了一些不好的做法
if (a) do_b(); else do_c(); if (a) do_a(); else do_b();
/* OK */
while (is_register_bit_set()) {}
/* Wrong */
while (is_register_bit_set());
while (is_register_bit_set()) { }
while (is_register_bit_set()) {
}
/* Wait for bit to be set in embedded hardware unit
uint32_t* addr = HW_PERIPH_REGISTER_ADDR;
/* Wait bit 13 to be ready */
while (*addr & (1 << 13)) {} /* OK, empty loop contains no spaces inside curly brackets */
while (*addr & (1 << 13)) { } /* Wrong */
while (*addr & (1 << 13)) { /* Wrong */
}
while (*addr & (1 << 13)); /* Wrong, curly brackets are missing. Can lead to compiler warnings or unintentional bugs */
/* Not recommended */
int32_t a = 0;
while (a < 10) {
.
..
...
++a;
}
/* Better */
for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ++a) {
}
/* Better, if inc may not happen in every cycle */
for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ) {
if (...) {
++a;
}
}
/* OK, every case has single indent */
/* OK, every break has additional indent */
switch (check()) {
case 0:
do_a();
break;
case 1:
do_b();
break;
default:
break;
}
/* Wrong, case indent missing */
switch (check()) {
case 0:
do_a();
break;
case 1:
do_b();
break;
default:
break;
}
/* Wrong */
switch (check()) {
case 0:
do_a();
break; /* Wrong, break must have indent as it is under case */
case 1:
do_b(); /* Wrong, indent under case is missing */
break;
default:
break;
}
/* OK */
switch (var) {
case 0:
do_job();
break;
default: break;
}
/* Wrong, default is missing */
switch (var) {
case 0:
do_job();
break;
}
switch (a) {
/* OK */
case 0: {
int32_t a, b;
char c;
a = 5;
/* ... */
break;
}
/* Wrong */
case 1:
{
int32_t a;
break;
}
/* Wrong, break shall be inside */
case 2: {
int32_t a;
}
break;
}
/* OK */ #define MY_MACRO(x) ((x) * (x)) /* Wrong */ #define square(x) ((x) * (x))
/* OK */ #define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) /* Wrong */ #define MIN(x, y) x < y ? x : y
/* Wrong */ #define MIN(x, y) (x) < (y) ? (x) : (y) #define SUM(x, y) (x) + (y) /* Imagine result of this equation using wrong SUM implementation */ int32_t x = 5 * SUM(3, 4); /* Expected result is 5 * 7 = 35 */ int32_t x = 5 * (3) + (4); /* It is evaluated to this, final result = 19 which is not what we expect */ /* Correct implementation */ #define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) #define SUM(x, y) ((x) + (y))
typedef struct {
int32_t px, py;
} point_t;
point_t p; /* Define new point */
/* Wrong implementation */
/* Define macro to set point */
#define SET_POINT(p, x, y) (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y) /* 2 statements. Last one should not implement semicolon */
SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4); /* Set point to position 3, 4. This evaluates to... */
(&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); /* ... to this. In this example this is not a problem. */
/* Consider this ugly code, however it is valid by C standard (not recommended) */
if (a) /* If a is true */
if (b) /* If b is true */
SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */
else
SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 */
/* Evaluates to code below. Do you see the problem? */
if (a)
if (b)
(&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4);
else
(&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6);
/* Or if we rewrite it a little */
if (a)
if (b)
(&p)->px = (3);
(&p)->py = (4);
else
(&p)->px = (5);
(&p)->py = (6);
/*
* Ask yourself a question: To which `if` statement `else` keyword belongs?
*
* Based on first part of code, answer is straight-forward. To inner `if` statement when we check `b` condition
* Actual answer: Compilation error as `else` belongs nowhere
*/
/* Better and correct implementation of macro */
#define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y); } while (0) /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop */
/* Or even better */
#define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { \ /* Backslash indicates statement continues in new line */
(p)->px = (x); \
(p)->py = (y); \
} while (0) /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop */
/* Now original code evaluates to */
if (a)
if (b)
do { (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); } while (0);
else
do { (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6); } while (0);
/* Every part of `if` or `else` contains only `1` inner statement (do-while), hence this is valid evaluation */
/* To make code perfect, use brackets for every if-ifelse-else statements */
if (a) { /* If a is true */
if (b) { /* If b is true */
SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */
} else {
SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 */
}
}
/* OK */
#if defined(XYZ)
#if defined(ABC)
/* do when ABC defined */
#endif /* defined(ABC) */
#else /* defined(XYZ) */
/* Do when XYZ not defined */
#endif /* !defined(XYZ) */
/* Wrong */
#if defined(XYZ)
#if defined(ABC)
/* do when ABC defined */
#endif /* defined(ABC) */
#else /* defined(XYZ) */
/* Do when XYZ not defined */
#endif /* !defined(XYZ) */
/** * \brief Holds pointer to first entry in linked list * Beginning of this text is 5 tabs (20 spaces) from beginning of line */ static type_t* list;
/**
* \brief This is point struct
* \note This structure is used to calculate all point
* related stuff
*/
typedef struct {
int32_t x; /*!< Point X coordinate */
int32_t y; /*!< Point Y coordinate */
int32_t size; /*!< Point size.
Since comment is very big,
you may go to next line */
} point_t;
/**
* \brief Point color enumeration
*/
typedef enum {
COLOR_RED, /*!< Red color. This comment has 12x4
spaces offset from beginning of line */
COLOR_GREEN, /*!< Green color */
COLOR_BLUE, /*!< Blue color */
} point_color_t;
/**
* \brief Sum `2` numbers
* \param[in] a: First number
* \param[in] b: Second number
* \return Sum of input values
*/
int32_t
sum(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
return a + b;
}
/**
* \brief Sum `2` numbers and write it to pointer
* \note This function does not return value, it stores it to pointer instead
* \param[in] a: First number
* \param[in] b: Second number
* \param[out] result: Output variable used to save result
*/
void
void_sum(int32_t a, int32_t b, int32_t* result) {
*result = a + b;
}
/**
* \brief My enumeration
*/
typedef enum {
MY_ERR, /*!< Error value */
MY_OK /*!< OK value */
} my_enum_t;
/**
* \brief Check some value
* \return \ref MY_OK on success, member of \ref my_enum_t otherwise
*/
my_enum_t
check_value(void) {
return MY_OK;
}
/**
* \brief Get data from input array
* \param[in] in: Input data
* \return Pointer to output data on success, `NULL` otherwise
*/
const void *
get_data(const void* in) {
return in;
}
/** * \brief Get minimal value between `x` and `y` * \param[in] x: First value * \param[in] y: Second value * \return Minimal value between `x` and `y` * \hideinitializer */ #define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
/**
* \file template.h
* \brief Template include file
*/
/* Here is empty line */
/** * \file template.h * \brief Template include file */ /* * Copyright (c) year FirstName LASTNAME * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, * subject to the following conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. * * This file is part of library_name. * * Author: FirstName LASTNAME <optional_email@example.com> */
/* file.h ... */ #ifndef ... extern int32_t my_variable; /* This is global variable declaration in header */ #endif /* file.c ... */ int32_t my_variable; /* Actually defined in source */
头文件示例(示例中没有license)
/* License comes here */
#ifndef TEMPLATE_HDR_H
#define TEMPLATE_HDR_H
/* Include headers */
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif /* __cplusplus */
/* File content here */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#endif /* TEMPLATE_HDR_H */
END
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